M9U1 other countries, other cultures
Period 4
Grammar and usage
Teaching objectives:
To overview the clauses and the usage
Important and difficult points:
How to use clauses correctly.
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
What are subordinate clauses
When a number of ideas are combined in one sentence, some ideas are more important than others. We can use subordinate clauses to express less important ideas. These can be divided into three kinds: adverbial, noun or attributive clauses.
Step 2. Grammar and Usage
What are adverbial clauses ?
Adverbial clauses can express time, place, manner, contract, condition, reason, purpose or result. They are introduced by conjunctions that indicate the meanings of the clause, e.g., when, where, how, although, if, since, because, in order that and so that.
Complete the following with proper conjunctions:
As I didn’t know the way, I asked a policeman.
If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
He didn’t go to school until he was eleven.
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
Difficult points
as, when, while的区别
1. ____the day went on, the weather got worse. (MET) A. With B. Since C. While D. As
2. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _________ I heard the steps. (湖南卷)
A. while B. when C. since D. after
3. - I'm going to the post office.
________ you're there, can you get me some stamps? (NMET )
A. As??? B. While?? C. Because?? D. If
as, when, while 都表示主、从句的动作或状态同时发生，但三者意义不尽相同。
as和when引导的从句既可表示一点时间，也可表示一段时间，从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词，也可以为短暂性动词，经常可以互换使用；
while引导的从句通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。当从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时，这三者可以通用. 如： Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as / when / while father was away in France. 妈妈担心，因为小艾丽思病了，特别是当父亲远在法国的时候。
如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时，则多用as，可译为“一边......，一边......”。例如： He looked behind from to time as he went.
他一边走，一边不时地往后看。 I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。
（若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as的场合多于when.）
当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时，多用while, 不用as或when。如： She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。
如果表示从句的动作在主句的动作“之前”或“之后”发生时，多用when（=after）, 不用as或 while。此外，when还含有“at that moment”的意思（= and then），引起的句子不能放在句首，也不能用as, while来替换。例如： He was about to leave when the telephone rang.
他正要离开，忽然电话铃响了。 We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out. 我们正在看电视，突然灯灭了。 They had just arrived home when it began to rain. 他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。
Not until I began to work ____how much time I had wasted. (NMET)
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize
C.I didn't realize D. I realized 2. Not until all the fish died in the river ____how serious the pollution was. (NMET)
did the villagers realize
the villagers realized
the villagers did realize
didn't the villagers realize
It was not ___she took off her glasses ____I realized she was a famous star.(MET)
A. when; that B. until; that
C. until; when D. when; then 4. It was not until 1920 ___ regular radio broadcasts began.(NMET)
A. while B. which
C. that D. since
until与till及 not…until / till的用法
until和till都可表示“直到．．．为止”，与持续性动词的肯定式连用。如： He waited until / till we finished our meal.
他一直等到我们吃完饭。
当until和till表示“直到．．．才．．．”时，通常与短暂动词的否定式连用，这时，until和till也可用before代替。如： I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回来，我才离开的。
(3) be动词肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till连用。
(4) until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till从句一般不放在句首。
Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？ -Yes，I gave it to her ____ I saw her． A．while B．the moment C．suddenly D．once
I thought her nice and honest ________ I met her.
A. first time B. for the first time
C. the first time D. by the first time
有时，the time（当……的时刻）, the moment（当……的时刻）, by the time（到…… 时候为止）, next time(下次), the first time(第一次……的时候), the last time(上次……的 时候)，immediately（一……就……）, instantly（一……就……）, directly（一……就……）等词或词组以及hardly /scarcely…when…（刚……就……）, no sooner…than…（刚…… 就……）等关联词也可引导表示时间的状语从句。
例如： Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.
下次你进城一定来看我们。 By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.
爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.
她一听到这声音，就冲进房间。 He left me a good impression the first time I met him.
我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。
例如： He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.
他刚到达那里就生起病来。 He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.
他还没全说完，就有人起来反驳他的论点。 当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于引起的句子的开头时，常用倒装语序。上面的例句可以依次改写成： No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.
if和unless的用法
The WTO cannot live up to its name ________it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
A．as long as B．while
C．if D．even though
The men will have to wait all day____ the doctor works faster.
A．if B．unless
C．whether D．That
if和unless的用法 一般情况下，unless相当于if…not，可以互换。如： I won’t let you in unless you show me your pass = I won’t let you in if you don’t show me your pass.
如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。 但是，在下列情况下，两者是有区别的。
unless引导真实条件句，if…not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。
unless从句中有否定词时，不能换成if…not结构。
if和unless的用法 3）如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，if…not结构不能换成unless。
如：I’ll be quite glad if she doesn’t come this evening.
(她今晚如果不来我很高兴。)
unless表示唯一条件，不能用and连接重复使用，if…not则可以。
because, since, as, for的区别
1.She was ill, ______ she didn’t come to school this morning. A. since B. because C. as D. for
We had better hurry ____ it is getting dark．
A．and B．but C．as D．unless
The Italian boy was regarded as a hero ____ he gave his life for his country．
A．according to B．because of
C．on account of D．because
because, since, as, for的区别 （1）在这四个连词中，because语气最强，它引导的从句表达的是未知的新信息，也是该主从复合句中的焦点，一般都置于主句之后（也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开）。在回答”why”引导的特殊疑问句时，一般只能用because；在强调结构”It is/was …that …”中，也只能用because。例如：
It’s because he helped you that I’m prepared to help him.
正是因为他帮助过你，所以我乐意去帮助他。 — Why didn’t you phone me last night?
你昨天夜里为什么没给我打电话？ — Because I didn’t want to disturb you.
因为我不想在夜里打扰你。
because, since, as, for的区别 （2）since和as语气不如because强，as的语气最弱。他们引导的从句大多置于句首，有时放在主句之后（as从句在复合句中的位置更为灵活），表达的往往是已知信息，即所指的原因是人们已知的客观事实，所以，复合句的重心在主句，不在从句。例如： Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive. 因为你没有驾驶执照，所以不允许你开车。 As he was not well enough, I had to go without him. 由于他身体欠佳，我只好不带他去了。
because, since, as, for的区别 （3）for的语气不及because, since, as强，为并列连词，引导的分句常放在主句之后，从句前通常用逗号，表示说话者为所做的推断和预测提供理由，或对前一分句进行补充和解释。如： It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.(for分句表示说话者推断“昨晚天下雨”的理由。此时，because不能替代for，因为地湿不是造成下雨的直接原因。原句可改为：The ground is wet, for / because it rained last night.)
so that, so…that, such…that We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets．
A．a rush so anxious
B．a such anxious rush
C．so an anxious rush
D．such an anxious rush
Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ____ her boss could read it first the next morning．
A．so that B．because
C．before D．or else
so that, so…that, such…that so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。
so…that “如此…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：
so+形／副＋that
so+形＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that
so＋many/much＋复数名词（不可数名词）+that such…that “如此…以致于”表结果该结构常见于：
such＋a(an)＋形＋名词＋that
such＋形＋复数名词／不可数名词＋that
as, though 引导的倒装句
1.____ , he talks a lot about his favourite singers after class.
A quiet student as he may be?????
Quiet student as he may be
Quiet as he may be a student?????
As he may be a quiet student
______, he was unable to make much progress.
A. Hard as he try B. Hard as he tried
C. As he tried hard D. He tried hard
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Fast as you read， you can ' t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快，你也不能这么快读完这本书。
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
as, though 引导的倒装句
注意： b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后
如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
Object as you may， I ‘ ll go.
=Though/Although you may object， I ' ll go.
纵使你反对，我也要去。
This is a very interesting book. I’ll buy it, _______.（陕西）
no matter how it may cost
how may it cost
how much may it cost
however much it may cost
He tried his best to solve the problem,____ difficult it was. (Tianjin )
A. however B. no matter
C. whatever D. although
You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like. (Chongqinog )
A. whenever B. wherever
C. whatever D. however
______, mother will wait for father to have dinner together. (NMET )
However late is he
However late he is
However is he late
However he is late
"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.
1.（错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. (Whatever you say是主语从句)
2.（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
Step 3. noun clauses
Noun clauses function like nouns in a sentence, and can be the Subject, the object or the predicative. They start with the word that, or with a question word ( what, which, whose, when, how, why, where and who 0, or if or whether.
Your word was right.
What you said was right.
What you said 作主语，为subject clause
I want to know your opinion.
I want to know whether you agree it or not.
whether you agree it or not 作宾语为object clause
The problem is not settled yet.
The problem is how to settle the problem.
how to settle the problem作表语为predicative clause
The news of our victory is exciting.
The news that we have won in the game is exciting.
that we have won in the game作同位语为apposition clause
在主语从句中连词的确定。
（1看意义，2看在从句作何成分）。
1.___ knowledge comes from practice is known to all.
A. What B. Where C. If D. That
2.___ is known to all that WTO stands for World Trade Organization.
A. Which B. What C. As D. It
3.__ we can’t get seems better than __ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that
C. That ; that D. That; what
4.____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
5.__ there is life on another planet is almost impossible.
A. How B. That C. Why D. whether
主语从句作主语时般为单数：
That I can pay back the help people give me ______me happy. (make)
Whether he’ll be able to come _______ not yet known. (be)
Why they have not left yet ______ unclear. ( be)
Where a person comes from ________ their style of speech. (affect)
How they came here ________ everyone of us. (puzzle)
What they want to buy _________ books. (be)
当what引导的从句有时可是复数。
由于主语从句在句首往往会造成主语过长,因此在句首的通常是it 做形式主语,而真正的主语放到后面. 这时在句中的that不能省略.
That the wounded soldier is still alive is a wonder.
It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive.
If 一般不能用于引导主语从句。表示是否，应用whether 来引导。
1.________ or not I’ll offer help is up to me.
2.________he will help us is still a question.
在It is necessary (important, advisable, strange, proper, unusual, wonderful, natural, surprising) that 句型中，会出现虚拟的结构。 如：
It is proper that you _________ him not to do it. (warn)
It is suggested that we _______ a meeting next week. (attend)
It is required that everyone _____________ the rules. (obey)
It is required that nobody _________________ here. (stay)
It is important that every pupil ______________ able to understand the rule of school. (be)
It's important that we _______________ good care of the patient. (take)
Think, believe, suppose, expect等动词的宾语从句如是否定, 往往转移到主语上来. 如:
I don’t think that he is right.
I don’t expect that he is at home.
在带复合宾语的句子中, that引导的宾语从句要放到句子的后面, it 做形式宾语.
You may think it strange that anyone could live in such a place.
I heard it said that he had won the first prize.
关于that 的省略. 宾语从句中的that 一般都是可以省略的.但是当有两个宾语从句时, 第二个从句的引导词that 不能省略.
He said he was not in at that time and that he should be blamed for the accident.
当宾语从句中动词与从句被插入语分开是, that 不能省略.
When he got to London, he found, however, that his English was too poor.
当以下动词后带宾语从句时, 会出现虚拟的结构, insist, order, suggest, require, demand, advise, plan, propose 等.
He suggested that we _____________ his offer. (accept)
The general ordered that the troop ______________another attack as soon as possible. (make)
He ordered that the students _____________ the clothes every week by themselves. (wash)
She recommended that we _______________ giving offense. (avoid)
He insisted that all of us ___________ there on time by any means. (arrive)
He wished he ___________ that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
He talks about Rome as though he ____________ there himself．他谈论起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。
在宾语从句中连词的确定。
（1看意义，2看在从句作何成分）。
We know little about the young lady except ____ you told me.
A. what B. that C. how D. /
2.___ is the most useful invention?
Do you think which of these B. Which of these do you think
C. Which of these you think D. You think which of these
These photographs will show you ___.
A. What our village looks like B. what does our village look like
C. how our village looks like D. how does our village look like
The fire destroyed __ was in the building.
A. all B. what C. that D. which
You will realize __ breaks the law will be punished.
A. that those who B. that those that
C. whoever D. those whoever
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of my brother‘s,是受词Tom的同位语指同一人。
He taught us students English.
students是us的同位语
We youth should study hard for our country.
youth是we的同位语
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．
我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有new，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how, when, where等。如：
l have no idea When he will be back．
我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题
表语从句的引导词如果为 that 时， 不能省略。
The reason of his absence is that he stayed up too late the night before and could not get up that morning.
当主语为it, that, this时, because 可以引导句子, 出现在表语的位置上. 否则, because应引导原因状语从句.
It is because we are closer to the sun in summer.
This is because he broke the law.
句首时用whether 不用if,
与不定式连用是用whether 不用if;
与or not 连用的多为whether, 不是if;
在系动词后用whether , 不用if;
容易引起歧异的用whether, 不用if;
Tell me whether you like it.
Tell me if you like it.
告诉我你是否喜欢它./如果喜欢它, 告诉我.
Step 4 Attributive clauses
Attributive clauses are like adjectives--- they give more information about something. They start with a relative pronoun ( which, that, who, whom and whose ), or a relative adverb ( where, when and why ). There are two kinds of attributive clauses, restrictive and non-restrictive.
定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词antecedent，
引导定语从句的词叫关系词（关系代词和关系副词）。关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。
如：There was a young man who liked paintings.
句中， who为关系代词，定语从句who liked paintings修饰先行词a young man 。
再如：This is the house where I lived last year.
句中， where为关系副词，定语从句where I lived last year修饰先行词the house。
定语从句一般应紧跟在先行词之后
先行词是人用who, whom, whose. 先行词不是人用 which, that, whose, when, where…
先行词确定 who; which; that 的单数或复数。
先行词确定用that 或which.
先行词被the same; such 修饰用as.
定语从句一般应紧跟在先行词之后
把下面的句子改成定语从句：
1.I know the boy. He can speak English well.
2. The woman got the job. We saw her on the street.
The season is summer. It comes after spring.
先行词确定 who; which; that 的单数或复数
Mr Li is the only dealer Who _____ good price. (give)
I, who ____ your teacher, will tell you how to use it. (be)
These are the questions which _____ to be answered. (be)
4.The house that _____ on the other side of the road belongs to Mary (be)
Please tell the news to everyone who _________to attend the lecture. (want)
先行词确定用that 或which
只能用that 做关系代词的情况
当先行词是指物的不定代词时,如:All ,few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything, 等
当先行词被序数词或最高级和the only, the very, last, next, just等表强调的词修饰时
当人和物合做先行词时
Attention :
若主句中有疑问代词who,which 为了避免重复,
在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译时应该译成一句；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，翻译时一般该译成二句；连词不用that.
This is the house which / that we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
I have a book which is about the earth.
我有一本关于地球的书。
I have a book , which is about the earth.
我有一本书，它是关于地球的书。
Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，常放在主句之后；而as引导从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。
Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” or “ and that”. 译为“这一点”。
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
竹是中空的，这一点使它很轻。
My son now goes to the school, which I used go to when I was a child.
我儿子现在上学，我小时候也这样。
而as 则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如…..那样”，且已形成固定结构。 如：as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is often the case, as is expected. Etc.
eg. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.
众所周知，Einstein是著名的科学家。
As is reported, China has become an important country in the world.
正如报道的，中国已成为世界上一个重要国家。
He didn’t come to attend the meeting, as is expected.
正如报道的，他没有参加会议。
同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l hove passed the exam is true．
我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
同位语从句，that从句所表达的意思就是news的内容。
The news that he told me just now is true．
他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
定语从句， that从句对news起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
例1：Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海)
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
Homework
Finish the exercises of C1 and C2 in the workbook.
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