宾语补足语
在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其它的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。
比如说：
I'm going to paint it pink.
句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。
句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。
比如：
I find learning English difficult. (difficult是形容词做宾补）
I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补）
Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式）
*常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep, nominate (任命),choose, elect (选举), define (定义), regard, see, recognize, treat, take, consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge, describe, depict (描述), represent (表现出), declare (宣称), denounce, employ (雇佣), use, show, organize, express
主谓一致
主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
Large quantities of water are needed.
In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day.
并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好像是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
谓语需用单数
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变）。
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市
either...or...与 neither...nor...
一、either...or...
either ... or ... 意为“或者……或者……；不是……就是……”之意。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。
例如：
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那个女孩高兴时，不是唱就是跳。(此句中either ... or ... 连接两个动词，因为主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词要用其相应的形式。)
either ... or ... 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的"就近原则"。
例如：
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
二、neither...nor...
neither ... nor ... 表示“既不……也不……”。其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并列的成份。
例如：
She likes neither butter nor cheese. 她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。此句中neither ... nor ... 连接两个宾语。当neither ... nor ... 连接两个主语时，也应遵循“就近原则”。
例如：
Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。
若将neither ... nor ... 句型变为肯定句，只需把neither ... nor ... 改为both ... and ... 即可，同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。
例如：
Both dad and mum are at home today. 今天父母都在家。
练习
一、单项选择
1．A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
2．The police ______ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______ almost given up all hope.
A. is, has B. are, have C. are, has D. is, have
3．I have finished a large part of the book; the rest ___ more difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4．Ten minutes ________ an hour when one is waiting for an important call.
A. seems B. seem C. like D. feels
5．It's not you but Mr. Anderson who ________ to answer for the incident.
A. are B. were C. is D. was
6．--Mike, what did your monitor say just now?
-- Every boy and every girl as well as teachers who _______ to visit the museum ______ asked to be at the school gat before 6:30.
A. is; is B. are; are C. is; are D. are; is
7. My driving license, rather than my credit cards, ______lost.
A. have B. are C. is D. has
8．______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming?
A. Are B. Is C. Do D. Does
9．The wounded __________ sent to the hospital at once.
A. were B. are C. is D. was
10. A number of students ______ for an outing. The number of them _______ fifty.
A. have gone; are B. has gone; is C. has gone; are D. have gone; is
11. When and where to build the subway ______ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
12．There ______ I'd like to answer this evening.
A. are one or two letters B. has one or two letters
C. is one or two letters D. have one or two letters
13．A large quantity of information, as well as some timely help ___________ since the organization was built.
A. has offered B. had been offered C. have been offered D. is offered
14．Whisky and soda ______ his favorite drink.
A. is B. are C. were D. have been
15．Each of the students in our class _________ great interest in English and they each ________ a copy of New Concept English.
A. shows; have B. have; has C. is; have D. takes; has
16. Not only politics but also English is important. In other word, ______ is important.
A. English, as well as politics B. politics as well as English
C. both politics and English D. politics as well as the English
17．About one third of the population in Beijing and Shanghai ___________ netizens, but in poorer areas, only three or four percent __________ online.
A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are
18．He said that the twelfth and last lesson _______ rather difficult.
A. were B. was C. will be D. are
19．No one in the department but Tom and I ________ that the director is going to resign.
A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know
20. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _______ 50 million.
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
二、动词填空
1. When he came back after so many years, he found his hometown much __________ (change).
2. –Do you hear someone __________ (knock) at the door?
-- Yes, I did. I heard him _________ (knock) three times.
3. The chef was fired because he was caught __________ (smoke) in the kitchen.
4. Oliver Twist is made ___________ (steal) money from a kind gentleman.
5. Mr. Smith was so disappointed to see the camera he had had _________ (repair) went wrong again.
6. He got me __________ (pick) up a pizza on my way home.
7. All of us consider Yao Ming __________ (be) the best basketball player in China.
8. I felt a great weight__________ (take) off my mind when I finished the task.
9. A statesman can make his influence _________ (feel) through his speech.
10. She smelt something _____________ (burn).
三、句子翻译
1. 他再次被选为班长。
2. 他醒来时，发现自己躺在地上。
3．所有的学生，包括我自己，都已通过考试。
4．正如你所见，最近新车的数量在不断增加。
5. 对他们来说，完成这项工作十天就够了。
6. 他是经常被老师表扬的学生之一。
7. More than one student is present at the meeting.
8. The singer and dance is going to give a performance in our school.
9．At the foot of the mountain stands a school.
10. I won’t have you talking to Mother like that.
四、句子改错
1. His works is to be published next month.
2. “All are present and all are going on well.” said our teacher.
3. Every possible means have been tried.
4. What influences my life greatly is his words.
5. You, he, or I are right.
6. Half of the apple have been rotten.
7. The audience was moved to tears at the words.
8. Science and technology are essential to economic development.
9. Many a student want to be a second Bill Gates.
10. He is the only one of the actors who have won 3 Oscars.
Key
一、单项选择
1. A 2. B 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A
9. A 10. D 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.A 15.A 16.A
17. B 18.B 19. A 20. A
二、动词填空
1. changed 2. knocking; knock 3. smoking 4. to steal 5.repaired 6. to pick 7. to be 8. taken 9. felt 10. burning
三、句子翻译
1. He was elected monitor again.
2. When he came around, he found himself lying on the ground.
3. All the students, including me, have passed the exam.
4. As you can see, the number of new cars has been increasing.
5. Ten days is enough for them to finish the job.
6．He is one of the students who have been praised by the teacher.
7. 不止一个（许多）学生出席了这次会议。
8. 这位歌手兼舞蹈演员将在我们学校表演。
9. 山脚下有个学校。
10. 我不允许你和妈妈这样说话。
四、句子改错
1. are 2. is(going) 3. has 4. are 5. am 6. has 7. were 8. is 9. wants 10. has
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