2013高考英语二轮复习讲义（阅读理解）及训练05：应用文（答案）
小试牛刀--------阅读理解
There’s a dark little joke: Rip Van Winkle awakens in the 21st century after a hundred-year sleep. Men and women dash about, talking to small metal devices. Young people sit on sofas, moving miniature athletes around on electronic screens. Airports, hospitals, shopping malls— every place Rip goes just puzzles him. But when he finally walks into a schoolroom, the old man knows exactly where he is. "This is a school," he declares. "We used to have these black in 1906. Only now the blackboards are green."
American schools aren’t exactly frozen in time, but considering the pace of change in other areas of life, our public schools tend to feel like throwbacks. Kids spend much of the day as their great-grandparents once did: sitting in rows, listening to teachers lecture, scribbling notes by hand, reading textbooks that are out of date. A yawning chasm separates the world inside the schoolhouse from the world outside.
The national conversation on education has long focused on reading scores, math tests and closing the "achievement gap". This is not a story about that conversation. This is a story about the big public conversation the nation is not having about education, the one that will ultimately determine whether an entire generation of kids will fail to make the grade in the global economy because they can’t think their way through abstract problems, work in teams or speak a language other than English.
This week the conversation will burst onto the front page, when the NCSAW releases a blueprint for rethinking American education from pre-K to 12 and beyond to better prepare students to thrive in the global economy. While that report includes some debatable proposals, there is a remarkable agreement among educators and business and policy leaders on one key conclusion: we need to bring what we teach and how we teach into the 21st century. Today’s economy demands not only a high-level competence in the traditional academic disciplines but also what might be called 21st-century skills.
64. What is the writer’s purpose to use a dark little joke in the first paragraph?
A. To serve as an introduction to Rip Van Winkle.
B. To draw readers’ attention to the present situations in American schools.
C. To remind people that American literature plays an important role in economy.
D. To let its readers enjoy the article from the very beginning.
65. What is the writer’s general impression of American school children?
A. They look much like their great-grandparents.
B. They can do everything as they like.
C. They are well developed on all sides.
D. They are almost separated from the outside world.
66. From the third paragraph, we know the writer ________.
A. has focused on reading scores and math tests
B. tells a story about the national conversation
C. tends to care much about the big public conversation
D. promises to help kids with their grade in the global economy
67. The underlined part “to thrive” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. to become and continue to be successful and strong.
B. to enjoy something especially other people would not like.
C. to compete with other people for better positions
D. to work in teams with any other people.
64-67 BDCA
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【考点定位】 2013考纲解读和近几年考点分布
时事新闻类阅读材料在近年高考中屡屡涉及。这类材料往往语言地道，内容时新。
一、材料特点
阅读材料的组成有一个共同的特点，即都是由标题(Headline)、导语(Introduction)、背景(Background)、主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。此类文章主题突出，文章的第一句话或第一自然段往往就是对整篇文章的高度概括，因此读懂首句或首段至关重要。下面分别叙述这五个部分在阅读理解中的作用。
探求结果到结尾。结尾往往是新闻事件的结果或动态展望，也是中心思想的概括并常常与新闻导语相呼应，命题者也乐于在此设题。
广告类阅读题的五大特点
1. 材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。
2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。
3. 形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告内容，并为广告上所
刊登的内容(产品或服务等)买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。
4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有以下“三多”特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。
5. 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。
【考点pk】 名师考点透析
考点一、细节事实理解。
一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。1.直接事实题
在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：
A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.
This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.
This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.
Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .
A.between Arizona and Nevada
B.in the Black Canyon
C.between New York and San Francisco
D.both A and B
【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。
2.间接事实题
解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。
“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.
Q：Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.
B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.
C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.
D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.
【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。
3、数据推算。
If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .
A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400
这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：
1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。
2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。
3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。
考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。
一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容
1.短文的标题（title,headline）；
2.短文或段落的主题（subject）；
3.中心思想(main idea)；
4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。
二、此类题的设问方式
1.What would be the best title for the text?
2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
3.What is the passage mainly about?
4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________.
考点三、推理推断。
推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。
此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：
1.We can infer from the Passage that__________.
2.What can be inferred from the Passage?
3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?
4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.
5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________.
6.The writer implies that__________.
7.It can be inferred that__________.
8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________.
9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________.
10.From the text we can conclude that__________.
11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________.
12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?
13.The author is inclined to think that__________.
14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________.
15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...?
16.In the writer’s opinion,...
近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如According to the passage...,It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。
考点四、词义、句义猜测。
词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。
此类题的设问方式主要有
1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by...
2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests...
3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to...
4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。
2.同位法。如:
They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.
同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。
We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。
3.对比法。如:
She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:
Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?
possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。
5.因果法。如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。
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