非谓语动词
【考情分析】
非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词十个重要考点：
1.考查不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别
2.考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式
3.考查非谓语动词完成式的用法
4.考查非谓语动词用作伴随状语
5.考查非谓语动词用作目的状语
6.考查非谓语动词用作结果状语
7.考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
8.考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题
9.考查非谓语动词用作主语的问题
10.考查“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构
【知识归纳】
考点一：非谓语动词的基本用法
1.动词不定式：
动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主 动
to build
to have built
to be building
to have been building
被 动
to be build
to have been build
2.现在分词-ing形式
1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：
动词 语态
形式
及物动词make
不及物动词go
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
making
being made
going
完成式
having made
having been made
having gone
2、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
3、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.
4、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
5、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.
3.过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者。
考点二：非谓语动词作状语
（一）现在分词作状语
1．现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，这时该动词与句子的主语之间往往存在主谓关系。
They entered the theatre，talking and laughing.
他们说笑着进了剧院。
2．现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作，完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
Not having received a reply，he decided to write again.
没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。
The old man，having worked abroad for twenty years，came back to his motherland.(work与句子的主语the old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)
在国外工作了二十年后，这位老人回到了祖国。
Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars.因为获得了冠军，他被奖励100万美元。
【提醒】 通常现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即彼此间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。但generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, judging from等词组不受这种语法限制。 如：
Generally speaking，children like playing in the fields.
一般来说，孩子们喜欢在田野里玩。
Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man.
从他说的话来判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。
（二）过去分词作状语
1．过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况；其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，过去分词与主语之间存在动宾关系。
Given the right kind of training，these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.(这里give与句子的主语these teenage soccer players之间存在动宾关系)
给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天会成为国际明星。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
倘若给予更多的关注，这些树会生长得更好。
2．某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost(迷路的)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，stationed (驻扎)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)等，不管它们作什么成分都不用其 ing形式。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
【提醒】 作状语时，是用动词 ing形式还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用动词 ing形式；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。请记住下面的例子，并细心体会。注意：句子的主语改变了，分词的形式也要相应地发生变化。 试比较：
Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)
（三）不定式作状语
1．作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。
To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.
要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)
2．用于：so...as to...；such...as to；enough to...；too...to；only to等结构中往往用来作结果状语。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.
他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。(“only＋to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。)
【提醒】 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
His parents died，leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。
3．与形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用作原因状语。这些形容词主要有：happy，kind，surprised，frightened，angry，shocked，glad，delighted，disappointed等。 如：
I’m very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。
考点三：非谓语动词作定语
1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行
China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。
Be quiet.There’s a sleeping baby.安静点，这儿有一个正在睡觉的孩子。
2．过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成
The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.
发达国家也需要世界上其他国家的帮助。
“Things lost never come again！”I couldn’t help talking to myself.
“失去的东西再也不会回来！”我情不自禁地自言自语。
3．动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作
The problem to be discussed is of great importance.要讨论的这个问题很重要。
考点四：非谓语动词作宾补
1．过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。
I’ll have my house painted tomorrow.
明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。
When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
当我打开门时，我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。
2．现在分词作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作，即动作过程的一部分。可以带这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，observe，feel，find，have，keep等。
He saw a boy getting on the bus.
他看见一个男孩正在上公交车。(强调动作在进行)
Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.
詹妮发现地上有一个钱包。(主动)
3．不定式作宾语、主语补足语
表示一个完整的动作过程将要发生、经常发生或已发生。诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。如果是动词let, have, make, hear, notice, see, observe, feel, look at, listen to等使役动词和感官动词，在主动语态中要用不带to的不定式作宾补，在被动语态中时，用带to的不定式作主语补足语。如：
①The policeman told the boy not to play on the road.
警察告诉这个小孩不要在道路上玩。
②The old man was often seen to stand at the door of his house.
这位老人经常被看到站在门口。(经常性的动作)
考点五：非谓语动词作宾语
1．不定式作宾语
有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有hope, agree, choose，manage，promise，expect，determine，decide，seek，refuse，arrange，desire等。如：
She pretended not to see me when I came in.
她假装没有看到我进来。
2．动名词作宾语
有些动词(词组)后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类似的词有enjoy, mind, finish, practise, suggest, advise, allow/permit, forbid, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider(考虑), delay, put off, give up等。如：
Would you mind my opening the window?
你介意我打开窗户吗？
【提醒】 want, need, require 等动词以物作主语时，其后的宾语用主动式表示被动含义或用不定式的被动式。如：
Those young trees need watering/ to be watered.
那些小树需要浇水了。
3．有些动词既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如：
regret to do对要做的事遗憾(未做)；regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔(已做)
①I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
②I don’t regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
remember/forget to do记着/忘记要做某事(未做)；remember /forget doing记得/忘记做过某事(已做)。如：
①Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
②Don’t you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗？
mean to do 打算要做某事；mean doing意味着某事
stop to do停下来去做另一件事；stop doing停下做某事
try to do 试图做某事；try doing尝试着做某事
can’t help doing情不自禁做某事；can’t help (to) do不能帮着做某事
考点六：非谓语动词作主语：
（1）动词不定作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
（2）现在分词作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
考点七：非谓语动词作表语：
1.动词不定式作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
2.现在分词作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
3.过去分词作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。
【注意】过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
【考点例析】
2013高考真题
(2013全国卷I)28. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police ____.
A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not
(2013全国卷I)35. The sunlight is white and blinding, ____ hard-edged shadows on the ground.
A. throwing B. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown
(2013全国卷II)5.I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from Paddington
A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught
(2013北京卷)21. Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.
A. change B. changing C. changed D. to change
(2013北京卷)24. ________ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
(2013北京卷)29. When we saw the road ________ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked
(2013上海卷)31. The judges gave no hint of what they thought, so I left the room really ________.
A. to be worried B. to worry C. having worried D. worried
(2013上海卷)32. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity ________ society for real-life experience.
A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored
(2013上海卷)34. Young people may risk ________ deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(2013上海卷)35. Sophia got an e-mail ________ her credit card account number.
A. asking for B. ask for C. asked for D. having asked for
(2013天津卷)10. In some languages,100 words make up half of all words in daily conversations.
A. using B. to use C. having used D. used
(2013江苏卷)24. Lionel Messi, ______ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set
(2013江苏卷)31. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ______ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced
(2013安徽卷)24. I’m calling about the apartment you the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
A. advertised B. had advertised C. are advertising D. will advertise
(2013安徽卷)32. in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded
(2013湖南卷)25. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A. bathed B. bathing C. to have bathed D. have bathed
(2013湖南卷)29. You cannot accept an opinion ________ to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered
(2013湖南卷)31. ________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
A. Staying B. Stayed C. To stay D. Stay
(2013福建卷)22. _____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known
(2013福建卷)32.Anyone, once ____ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test
(2013陕西卷)13. Let those in need that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood
(2013陕西卷)14. The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned
(2013山东卷) 25. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood
(2013山东卷) 29. I stopped the car ____ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken
(2013山东卷) 33. ________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating
(2013重庆卷)30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ________ me stories till I fell asleep.
A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell
(2013重庆卷)34. The engine just won’t start. Something seems ________ wrong with it.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(2013四川卷)8. _______ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not
(2013四川卷)10. The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed
(2013江西卷)34.If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. having asked
(2013浙江卷)19. There are some health problems that, when ________ in time, can become bigger ones later on.
A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated
(2013浙江卷)7. ________ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing
(2013浙江卷)12. A good listener takes part in the conversation, ________ ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.
A. realizing B. copying C. offering D. misunderstanding
(2013辽宁卷)28. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ______for her.
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. was waiting
2012高考真题
1．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _____to the new students. 【2012江西卷】
A．speaking B．having spoken C．to speak D．to have spoken
1. C考查非谓语动词作状语。本题为不定式表目的，又因D选项时态错误，故选C。
2. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will in the future of our company. 【2012重庆卷】
A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made
2 A 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，空白处为后置定语，与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系，而且是将要发生的动作。由此可知，表示被动和将来的A选项符合题意。B表示被动进行，C表示被动完成，D表示被动完成，但是不作定语。因此，正确答案为A选项。
3. I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. 【2012四川卷】
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
3C 本题考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语。winding its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故选C。
4. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____.【2012四川卷】
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash高666考%%
4. A 本题考查非谓语动词。考查过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth. done。故答案选A。
5. ______ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 【2012重庆卷】
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
5.A考查非谓语动词用法。经过分析，我们发现逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B和C选项，D选项常作目的和结果状语，不作原因状语，也可排除，而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。因此，正确答案为A选项。
6.________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad . 【2012陕西卷】
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
6.A考查非谓语动词作伴随状语。非谓语动词短语后有逗号，说明非谓语动词做题干的状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语we，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系，且其动作与谓语动词wait的动作同时进行，用动词v-ing的一般式，选A。
7. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _____ anything that happened to be on. 【2012全国II】
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched
7. A 考查动词不定式作目的状语。句意：那位老人每天晚上坐在电视机前，高兴地看要上演的任何节目。
此处happy to watch anything that happened to be on作sat的目的状语。
8. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_____such art forms as music and painting. 【2012全国新课程】
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
8. D考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：电影的历史短的多，尤其是当它和像音乐和绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。此处是被省略的时间状语从句，其相当于：when film is compared to such art forms as music and painting. 这里film和compare之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。又因为主语一致，所以film被省略。故正确答案为D项。
9. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. 【2012山东卷】 A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide
9.B 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：完成并签名后，请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。此处动词provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系，在句中作定语，相当于which is provided。
10. George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him. 【2012山东卷】 A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told
10.A不定式短语作结果状语。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了。此处only to do/be done表示意料之外的结果；现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果。这里George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。
【方法技巧】
一、复习要点
1．平时的备考中用注意不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式；不定式作后置定语与分词作后置定语的区别。
2．不定式的省略与不定式的否定结构。
3．只能接动名词的动词，只能接不定式的动词以及接动名词、不定式有区别的动词。
4．现在分词与过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别，以及不定式作状语与分词作状语的区别。
二、做题方法
要解答好这类题目，第一步判断该动词与被修饰的名词之间的关系，如果是动宾关系就要用表示被动的非谓语形式(过去分词，现在分词的被动式，不定式的被动式)，如果是主谓关系则用现在分词或动词不定式；第二步看动作发生的时间，如果没有确定的时间，一般情况下动宾关系用过去分词，主谓关系用现在分词。
【专题训练】
1. I walked out of the cinema, ____I'd never come back to this hell of a place．
A．determining B．decided C．to determine D．to decide
2. ____in black business suit in the opening ceremony of the 2011 World University Games, President Hu Jintao waved his hands to the people all over the world．
A．Dressed B．Worn C．Dressing D．Wearing
3. The problems _____at the meeting the day after tomorrow are really hard to solve．
A．discussed B．to discuss C．to be discussed D．discussing
4. Our headmaster introduced the rules that he would like to see _______ the next year.
A. establish B. establishing C. established D. to establish
5. I don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but I’m going to spend my holiday in Beijing next week.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
6.My wife told my little son not to leave the water ____ while he brush his teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
7. _____ some treasures of the Palace Museum , Shi Bokui had to look for a place to hide them.
A. Having stolen??? B. Having been stolen? C. Stolen????? D. Stealing
8. The school was built in honor of the singer who was believed _____ the future of the poor children.
A. to have saved B. to have been saved C. to save?????? D. having been
9. The witness kept quiet about the accident lose his job.
A．so not as to B．so as not to C．so as to not D．not so as to
10. The robber was lucky that it just missed .
A．catching B．to be caught C．being caught D．to catch
11. The policeman reached the spot qucikly but he found the man in bed, dead.
A．lying B．lie C．lay D．laying
12. It was said that Jack was made the window for a week as a punishment.
A．to wash B．washing C．wash D．to be washing
13. ---- My baby has a heart trouble.
---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?
A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat
114.Judging by the expression on his face, the foreigner seemed his way.
A．to be losing B．to have missed C．to have lost D．missed
15、The young man told the doctor that he didn’t need his heart .
A．having, checked B．to have, checked
C．having, to check D．to have, to check
【参考答案】
1-5 AACCD 6-10BAABC 11-15 AADCB
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