名词和冠词 【考情分析】 (1)名词在高考中的考查重点： 1．名词词义辨析 2．名词的数 3．名词作定语 4. 名词所有格 5. 抽象名词具体化 6. 名词与冠词的结合 【知识归纳】 名词 考点一 名词辨析 1.注意一词多义的名词. 2.注意形似意异名词 3. 注意近义和同义名词的用法。 考点二 名词的数 1．可数与不可数名词 名词的可数与不可数是一个十分复杂而又非常重要的问题。许多名词通常是不可数的，但在一定的情况下又可以变为可数名词。 (1)物质名词一般不可数，如：milk，gold，coffee，beer，但有些可用作可数名词，表示特殊意义，如：an icecream(一份冰淇淋)，a light rain(一阵小雨)。 (2) 抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可用作可数名词。 difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件难事 experience 经验；an experience 一次经历 failure 失败；a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事 knowledge 知识；a good knowledge 丰富的知识 success 成功；a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事 surprise 惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事 honour 荣誉；an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 如：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。 His new book was a great success.他的新书获得巨大成功。 (3) 有些不可数名词后面加s时表示特殊意义 time 时间 times 次数；时代；倍数 glass玻璃 glasses 眼镜 wood 木头 woods 树林 sand 沙子 sands 沙滩 paper 纸 papers 试卷；论文；报纸 wish 愿望 wishes 问候 如：She wears a pair of glasses. 她戴着一副眼镜。 Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。 It is bad manners to talk with his mouth full. 说话时满嘴食物是不礼貌的。 2.常用作复数的名词 people, police, goods (货物)，trousers, glasses (眼镜)，clothes, congratulations, preparations, tears, repairs, regards(问候), sports等。 3.单复数同形的名词 sheep (羊), deer (鹿), fish (鱼)，bison(犀牛)，Chinese (中国人), Japanese (日本人), Swiss (瑞士人)，means (方法)，aircraft (飞机)，works (工厂)等。 4.可作单数也可以作复数的名词 family, team, committee, crew, public, group, class, government, company, party 等。以上名词若看作一个整体作单数，谓语动词用单数；若看作一个集体中的成员，谓语动词用复数。 考点三 名词所有格与名词作定语 1．名词的格 (1)带’s的所有格形式，一般只适用于以下几类名词： ①有生命的名词，表示所属关系：children’s book儿童书籍，Lucy’s room露茜的房间。 ②表示时间的名词：yesterday’s paper昨天的报纸，an hour’s lecture一个小时的演讲。 ③表示距离的名词：ten kilometers’ walk 10公里的路程。 ④表示长度的名词：100 meters’ distance 100米的距离。 ⑤表示地点的名词： Beijing’s industry 北京的工业 ⑥表示价格的名词： 10 dollars’ worth 10美元的价值 (2)of ＋n.所有格，一般适用于无生命的名词或当名词短语太长时。如： the students of our school我们学校的学生。 the development of industry 工业的发展。 (3)双重所有格 比较：a photo of my father’s (我父亲所有照片中的一张，不一定是他本人的照片) a photo of my father (表示我父亲本人的照片) 2．名词作定语 (1)名词作定语一般用单数,如boy students 男学生，girl player 女选手。但是名词woman, man作定语且修饰复数名词时，作定语的名词也用复数。如： men teachers男老师，women doctors女医生。 (2)“名词作定语”与“名词所有格作定语”的区别： ①名词可以位于另一个名词前面作定语。名词定语在逻辑上表示中心词的用途(职能)、材料、来源、时间， 还可以与中心词构成主语－补语、整体－部分、宾语－动作者等关系。如：a shoe shop鞋店，a stone wall 石墙，a mountain plant 高山植物，August weather八的月的天气，a girl friend女朋友，a street sweeper 扫路机， telephone number电话号码，evening dress 晚礼服， coffee cup咖啡杯等。 ②名词所有格是表示一种所有关系。一般来说只有下列名词才有所有格形式：有生命的名词、集体名词、度量(重量、价格、距离、长度、时间等)名词以及国家、城市、地区等名词后可加’s构成所有格。例如：ten minutes’ walk 10分钟的路程，today’s newspaper今天的报纸，Beijing’s street 北京的街道，Tom’s home汤姆的家等。 高考真题 名词 (2013天津卷)7. While she was in Paris, she developed a for fine art. A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit (2013江苏卷)33. With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ______ for the better. A. share B. chance C. turn D. lead (2013湖北卷)21. Poetry written from the ______ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging. A. perspective B. priority C. participation D. privilege (2013湖北卷)22. Carbon dioxide, which makes a ______ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer. A. difference B. comparison C. connection D. barrier (2013江西卷)22.Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ______. A. curiosity B. satisfaction C. envy D. patience (2013浙江卷)4. As the world’s population continues to grow, the ________ of food becomes more and more of a concern. A. worth B. supply C. package D. list 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3.表示 “每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4.表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 —Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6.用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 10.与序数词连用，表示“又一，再一”。 In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language. 为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。
1.表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3.表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4.用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar 5.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7.用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9.用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) 11.用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12.用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder. 13.与比较级和最高级连用 ①比较级+ and +比较级表示“越来越……”The harder he works, the happier he feels. ②表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。 Who is the older of the tow boys? ③三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。 Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
1.专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2.名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3.季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4.表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5.表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 7.以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8.表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.
冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，冠词放在形容词之前。下列情况例外： 1.不定冠词用于下列副词加形容词之后：as, how, however, so, too等。 如：He is as good a soldier as he was.他和以前一样是个好士兵。 2.不定冠词置于such, what, many, not, too,much of等之后。 如：Many a little pickle makes a nickel.积少成多。 3.定冠词通常放在all, both, double, exactly, just等词之后。 如：I offered him double the amount，but he still refused. 4.不定冠词常用于quite和rather之后，但如果另有形容词修饰时，不定冠词既可放在第二位，也可放在第一位，但最常见的仍是第二位。 如：She is quite a woman.她真是个女人。 It was quite/rather a cold day.很冷的一天(同 It was a quite/rather cold day.) 5.当名词前的比较级被no，all，far，much等修饰时，也要后置。 如：He is no less a man than the President. 6.定冠词要放在half, twice, much等之后。 如：He paid twice the price for it. 他花了两倍的钱买了它。 7.如果名词被副词hardly，scarcely，barely，exactly所修饰，或和一个形容词共同修饰时，冠词要放在上述副词之后、形容词之前。如：This is hardly a right thing to do. 这几乎是不能做的事。
冠词是历年高考的常考点。主要考查冠词在具体语境中的运用，考查内容包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法区别，名词前不用冠词的情况，特指与泛指以及习语中的冠词用法。
①How about taking_____short break? I want to make_____call. A. the; a B. a; the C. the; the D. a; a 【解析】 答案为D。take a short break“休息一会儿”， make a call“打一个电话”。 ②Christmas is_____special holiday when_____whole family are supposed to get together. A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the 【解析】 答案为D。a special holiday指“某一个特别的节日”；the whole family为特指。
①I looked under_____bed and found books I lost last week. A. the; a B. the；the C. 不填；the D. the; 不填 【解析】 答案为B。此题中的the bed和the books都为特指。the bed 指“所看的床”；the books指“所丢的书”。 ②I like_____color of your skirt. It is good match for your blouse. A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the 【解析】 答案为C。 the color指“你衬衫的颜色”；a good match泛指“和你的外套相配的一种好颜色”。
①George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at church. A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a 【解析】 答案为C。a Sunday泛指某一个星期天；at church为固定搭配，不用冠词，意为“在做礼拜”。 ②Many people have come to realize that they should go on_____balanced diet and makeroom in their day for exercise. A. a; / B. the; a C. the; the D. /; a 【解析】 答案为A。a balanced diet泛指“一种平衡的饮食”；make room为固定搭配，意为“腾出空间”。
①Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make room in their day for exercise. A.a;不填 B.the; a C.the; the D.不填; a 【解析】答案为A。分析句子可知，第一个空用“a”表示“一种”，某些不可数的抽象名词前用不定冠词表示某种具体的情况或概念。第二个空不用冠词，make room意为“腾出空间（时间）”为固定短语。
①We went right round to the west coast by sea instead of driving across continent. A. the; the B.不填;the C. the; 不填 D.不填;不填 【解析】答案为B。 by sea意为“经海路”；by the sea意为“在海边”；表示大陆、大洋等的名词前通常要加定冠词。 ②George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at church. A./; the B. the; / C. a; / D./; a 【解析】答案为C。不定冠词用于表示星期的名词前，泛指“某个星期几”；at church表示“做礼拜”， at the church表示“在教堂”。故本题选C。 类似的词组： by day在白天 by the day按天计算 in case of以防 in the case of就……来说 in charge of负责，管理 in the charge of由……负责 in office执政 in the office在办公室 in sight(of)看见 in the sight(of)在……看来 go to sea去当水手 go to the sea到海边去 out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能 take advice征求意见 take the advice听从劝告 be of age成年 be of all age同龄 go to church去做礼拜 go to the church去教堂 in prison坐牢 in the prison在监狱 特别提示：当地点名词表示地点时，其前用定冠词；表示在这一地点所发生的活动时，其前不加冠词。如：He went to the bed and fetched me a magazine before he went to bed.他睡觉前到床边给我拿了本杂志。
(2013全国卷I)31. India attained ____ independence in 1947, after _____ long struggle. A. 不填; a B. the; a C. an; 不填 D. an; the (2013全国卷II)13.Four and half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar. A. a; a B. the; the C.不填；the D. a;不填 (2013福建卷)21.The "Chinese Dream" is ____ dream to improve people's well-being and ____ dream of harmony, peace and development. A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the (2013陕西卷)19. Marco Polo is said to have sailed on Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in thirteenth century. A. the; a B. a; / C. /; the D. the; the (2013山东卷) 22. It was ______ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ____ night sky. A. 不填；a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填 (2013重庆卷)32. The parents were shocked by ________ news that their son needed ________ operation on his knee. A. a；/ B. the；/ C. the；an D. a；an (2013江西卷)32.Animals are obviously ______ lower form of life than _______ man. A. a ; / B. the ; the C. a ; the D. / ; / (2013浙江卷)15. People develop ________ preference for a particular style of learning at ________ early age and these preferences affect learning. A. a；an B. a；不填 C. 不填； the D. the；an 练习 1.The report said that a bus went out of control on highway south of the city are rushed into a river. A. the; the B.不填; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; 不填 【答案】D 【解析】go out of control是固定短语，意思是失去控制; south of…中的south是方位副词，前面不需要使用冠词。当south用作名词时通常与介词一起使用，如in the south of…。 2.Because ____ unemployment is very high at present, it's not easy for a fresh graduate to find ____ satisfying job as he wishes. A. the; 不填 B.不填; a C. an; a D. an; the 【答案】B 【解析】unemployment是抽象名词，前面不用冠词。job是可数名词，用不定冠词泛指“一个令人满意的工作”。 3.一My flight was delayed because of________ heavy rain. —But you are just in______________ time for the discussion. A. the; a??? B. a; the??? C.不填; 不填 D. the; 不填 【答案】D 【解析】引起我的航班延误应该是特指的一场大雨，所以第一空要用定冠词来限定，in time及时，准时，固定短语。 4.I don’t think the experiment is ______ failure. At least we have gained ______ experience for future success. A.不填; the B. a; the C. a ; 不填 D.不填; 不填 【答案】C 【解析】failure表示失败的概念为抽象名词，前面不可用不定冠词。表示失败的人或事情就成了可数名词，前面用不定冠词。experience作经历讲为可数名词，作为经验讲为不可数名词。 5.By ________ nature, you are an adventurer, full of amazement and curiosity about _________world bigger than life itself. A. a; the B. the; the C.不填; a D. the; 不填
6.Jack had ________feeling of excitement when hearing his article had been published in ________school magazine. A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; the D. the; 不填 【答案】B 【解析】have a feeling of 为固定用法，意思是：有一种……的感觉；第二空表特指。句意为：听到自己的文章已经在校刊上发表，Jack有一种兴奋的感觉。 7.I got ________bad toothache yesterday，which kept me awake ________whole night. A. a; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. a; 不填 【答案】A 【解析】get a toothache 牙疼，是固定用法，而整个晚上(whole night)是特指昨天晚上，因此应该使用定冠词。我昨天晚上牙疼得厉害，整晚没睡。 8.China is ________vast country which is home to ________ amazing variety of landscapes，plants and animals. A. the; the B. a; the C. the; an D. a; an 【答案】D 【解析】第一空表示“中国是一个……样的国家”，是泛指的概念，因此填不定冠词；第二空是固定短语a variety of，只是在variety 前面加上了形容词amazing 修饰它。 9.—Anyone in mind for this position？What about Jack? —He may be a good friend, but business is business. He is not ________ man for ________job. A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a 【答案】C 【解析】第一空是泛指的概念，因此用不定冠词；第二空是特指这份工作，用定冠词。 10.We all hold ________ belief that those who have ________wonderful sense of humor are more popular. A. the; a B. 不填; 不填 C. the; 不填 D. a; the 【答案】A 【解析】句意：我们都认为那些有强烈幽默感的人更受欢迎。belief 后是同位语从句，第一空用the表特指；第二空a sense of humor (幽默感)为常用搭配。 11.________World Expo is regarded as the Olympic Games of the economy, science and technology, ________expert said. A. A; an B. The; an C. The; a D. A; the 【答案】B 【解析】第一空特指“世博会”，故用定冠词the；第二空泛指“一个专家”，expert 又是以元音音素开 头，故用an。 12. I was told that________10∶15 flight would take us to Shanghai in time to reach ________Fudan University. A. the; 不填 B. the; a C. a; the D. 不填; the 【答案】A 【解析】句意：我被告知10∶15的航班将把我们送达上海，以便及时到达复旦大学。根据句意可知第一空表特指，故用定冠词; 第二空后Fudan University 是以纯专有名词Fudan开头的，要用零冠词。Fudan University 还可表达为“the university of Fudan”。 13.The students were studying in ________classroom when，all of ________sudden, the lights went out. A. 不填; 不填 B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填 【答案】C 【解析】句意：那些学生正在教室学习，这时突然灯灭了。根据题干中的the students 可知学生是特指的，由此可推知教室也应是特指的，故第一空用定冠词；all of a sudden为固定习语，相当于suddenly。由此可见答案为C项。 14.My mother asked me to repeat ________ phone number ________second time so that she could write it down. A. the; a B. a; the C. an; a D. the; the 【答案】A 【解析】句意：我母亲让我再次重复那个电话号码以便她能记下。根据句意可知，第一空后的phone number 表特指，故用定冠词；“a＋序数词＋名词”表示“又一，再一”之意，而“the＋序数词＋名词”表示次序。综上所述，本题答案为A项。 15.Jack wanted to be ________ university student，but in ________ entrance examination he missed by a mile. A. a; an B. an; the C. the; an D. a; the 【答案】D 【解析】a university student 一名大学生，表泛指；the entrance examination 特指入学考试。 16.—Stay a bit longer, please. It’s been such ________ fun having you here. —Thank you, but I’ve got ________early start tomorrow morning. A. 不填; the B. a; an C. 不填; an D. the; an 【答案】C 【解析】此题中fun为不可数名词，前面不用冠词。an early start早起。句意：“再待一会儿吧，有你在这里太有趣了。”“谢谢，但明天早上我还要早起呢。” 17.—How many people are still leading ________ life under ________ poverty line in the world? —Perhaps one fourth，according to the report. A. the; 不填 B. a; the C. a; a D. 不填; the 【答案】B 【解析】lead a life为固定结构，故第一空填不定冠词a；第二空用the表示特指。 18.His failure at ________ first attempt didn’t disappoint him. Instead，he gathered his courage and tried ________second time. A. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a; a 【答案】B 【解析】第一空序数词前要加定冠词the，此处指第一次尝试; a second time表示“又一次，再一次”，用不定冠词。 19.Everyone should learn from ________ Lei Feng and try to be ________ Lei Feng. A. 不填; a B. 不填; 不填 C. the; the D. 不填; the 【答案】A 【解析】第一空提到的雷锋是众所周知的人物，人名前用零冠词，而第二空是指雷锋式的人物，所以用不定冠词。 20.Only when you stay and live with ________local people for a period of time will you have ________ better understanding of life here. A. a; 不填 B. the; a C. 不填; the D. the; the

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