高三复习教案：动名词
语法复习： 动名词
动名词是非谓动词的又一种形式。它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。 Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful . （现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。 She hates speaking in the public. （动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。 动名词和现在分词还是有很多区别的： 首先，动名词表达的动作意义不如现在分词强，因为动名词已经将动作名词化了，它不再强调动作本身了，它已把某个动作视为某种活动或是某件事情了。比如说，动名词常在句中作主语、直接宾语；我们都知道，在句中作主语、直接宾语的词只有是名词、代词，因此从某种意义上说，动名词就相当于名词、代词了。 Climbing up the mountain will make you exhausted. Stop talking please. 请不要讲话。 其次，正由于动名词在某种意义上相当于名词、代词，所以它前面也可有名词的"所有格形式"或是物主代词的所有格作修饰语。 Would you mind my smoking here 您介意我在这儿吸烟吗？ We extended a warm welcome to Mr. Rieder's coming to our party. 从动名词在句子里的作用来看，它类似于名词；可以作主语、定语、表语和宾语。下面让我们分别看看动名词在句中作不同成分的具体情况。
1. 作主语 动名词作主语与不定式作主语在语序位置方面较相似，但在表达意思上有
差异。动名词作主语时，它已经将动作名词化了，已把某个动作视为某种活动
或是某件事情了，动作意义很弱，比较抽象。而不定式作主语的动作意义较强，
多指"要是去做某事"，这种动作往往是"要发生的一次性动作",比较具体。 Breathing became difficult at that altitude. 在那个海拔高度呼吸变得很困难。 Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good . Cheating on an exam ruins one's character .考试作弊毁坏人的性格。 It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office . It needs time to make three copies of it . 动名词作主语时，也常用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句型。 "It is …"的句型常用于说明"某种活动或是某件事情是如何，如何"。强调事物的性质、特征等。常用于It is后面的词有：no good , no use , useless , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。句型"There is …"往往用于说明"不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在"。类似一种建议、命令等。 It is no use waiting for him any longer .等他是没有用的。 It is no good learning without practice .学而不实践是没好处的。 It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light . It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again . There is no joking about such matters .这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded . There is no littering about . 不许乱扔杂物。
2. 作定语 动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，因为多数情况仅限于单个的动名词作
定语。这种情况与单个的现在分词作定语有较大的区别：单个的动名词作定语
主要是说明被修饰词的作用、意义等； 而单个的现在分词作定语则主要是表示被修饰词正在做什么。请看下面的
比较：
动名词作定语
现在分词作定语
swimming pool 游泳池 ( the pool for swimming)
?
working people 劳动人民 ( the people who are working)
reading material 阅读材料
?
sleeping child 熟睡孩子
walking stick 手杖
?
floating needle 浮针
opening speech 开幕词
?
oppressing class压迫阶级
listening aid 助听器
?
developing countries 发展中国家
waiting room 候车室
?
running water 自来水
3. 作表语 动名词作表语主要说明"主语是做什么的、或是怎么回事"， 动作意义弱，
较抽象；而现在分词作表语则主要是表示"主语的性质、特征等"；不定式作表
语却主要说明或解释"主语（要去）做什么事"，它比动名词更为具体，动作意
义更强。 His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词） Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent . Their task is exploring oil mines in the west . （动名词） The situation is very much encouraging .（现在分词） His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （现在分词） Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year . （不定式） His wish is to become a pilot. （不定式） 他的愿望是当飞行员。
4. 作宾语 A）常见的用动名词作宾语的及物动词： avoid (避免) , cease (停止) , can't help (忍不住) , consider (考虑) , deny (抵赖) , delay (拖延) , enjoy (喜欢) , endure (忍受) , escape (逃离) , excuse (原谅) , finish (完成) , give up (放弃) , imagine (想象) , keep on (继续) , leave off (结束、省去) , mind (介意、反对) , miss (错过) , need (需要) , postpone (推迟) , practice (练习) , put off (推迟) , require (需要) , risk (冒险) , stop (停止) , suggest (建议) 等。 He managed to escape suffering from the disease .他设法避免患那种疾病。 After hearing the funny story , all of us couldn't help laughing ear to ear. Excuse my interrupting you for a while . Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter. 史密斯教授考虑在学生们学习下一章之前给他们一份读书清单。 When he came back home from his night shift , Jason tried to avoid wakening his family . 当杰逊下夜班回到家时，他尽力不弄醒他的家人。 The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night. B）有些及物动词后既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，两种结构在意义上差别不大。常见的有：attempt (打算) , begin (开始) , can't afford (花不起) , can't bear (无法容忍) , continue (继续) , deserve (值得) forget (忘记) , hate (不喜欢) , intend (打算) , like（喜欢） , love (爱) , neglect (忽略) , need (需要) , prefer (宁愿) , propose (提议) , want (需要)等。 Do you prefer strolling outside or staying inside ( to stroll outside or to stay inside ) ? I can't afford watching ( to watch ) the game through to the end because I should be at work in thirty minutes .这场比赛我是看不完了，因为半小时后我要上班。 I like playing ( to play ) chess with you , but not today . When did you begin learning ( to learn ) English ? 你什么时候开始学英文的？ Maria intended visiting ( to visit ) her parents last weekend , but she caught by something else .
当need , want表示"需要"意义时，后面所接的动名词具有被动意义， The office needs cleaning thoroughly . ( = … to be cleaned thoroughly .) The roses in your garden want watering .( = … to be watered . ) C）有些及物动词后也是既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，但是两
种结构在意义上存在一定的差别：
-- 在like , love , hate , prefer等词后，若表示强调"某种爱好、一般性的倾向"，需用动名词作宾语；如指某次将发生的具体行为，则多用不定式作宾语。 She likes dancing more than singing . 她喜欢跳舞胜过唱歌。 She likes to go dancing with her colleagues this weekend. Men often hate going window-shopping .男人通常不爱逛商店。 Davis hates to talk about that topic at next meeting . She prefers swimming to running . 她喜欢游泳而不喜欢跑步。。 She prefers to go swimming this afternoon .今天下午她要去游泳。
-- 在remember, regret后面，接动名词表示"已发生过的动作"；接不定式表示"现在发生或将要发生的动作" 。 I remember having posted the letter today .我记得今天把那封信发出去了。 I'll remember to post the letter for you .我会记得帮你将信发出去的。 I regret not telling her the truth before she left . 我后悔在她离开前告诉她实情。 I regret to say I am not prepared well enough for the new post . -- 在begin , start , 和cease之后，接动名词表示"强调有意识地开始或停止某动作"；不定式则表示"自然、突然地发生的动作"。 She began learning to cook before her marriage .她是婚前开始学烧饭的。 It began to snow yesterday .昨天开始下雪了。 They started developing the new product in 1999 . No sooner had we arrived home than it started to rain heavily. He ceased smoking when he got something wrong with his lung . Electronic games ceased to interested him after he began to work . -- stop后接动名词表示"要开始动名词表示的动作"，而后接不定式则表示"终止不式表示的动作" ；try后接动名词表示"试着干某事"，而后接不定式则表示"尽力干某事" 。 Stop talking please . (终止"讲话"的动作)请不要讲话了。 Let's stop to take a break . （开始"休息"的动作）让我们停下来休息一会儿。 The boy tried installing his computer and succeed at last . （试着"安装" ） I'll try to finish the composition of the book by October .（尽力"完成" ） D）动名词作介词的宾语，并与介词一起构成介短语在句子里担当定语、状语、表语， I'm looking forward to your coming next time . （作状语） On hearing our delegation in Sydney had won 28 gold medals , all the Chinese people cheered up with great joy and showed their great respects to our athletes . （作状语） 当听到我国在悉尼的奥运代表团获得了28块金牌时，全 中国人民都高兴地欢呼起来，并向我们的运动健儿们表示崇高的敬意。 The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad .（作定语） They are against using so many animals in experiments .（作表语） 另外，在说明"动名词的动作状态"方面，我们有一般式和完成式。当我们要强 调说明"动名词动作"发生于"谓语动作"之前时，多用动名词的完成式；如果无意具体说明"动名词动作"发生于什么时候，或是"动名词动作"与"谓语动作"是同时发生时，就只用动名词的一般式。 He is fond of watching sports-games .（一般式）他喜欢观看体育竞赛。 She likes making herself busy all the day .（一般式） The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report .（完成式） I regret having said some rude words to my brother .（完成式） We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing（完成式） 当然，上面所将的也并不是绝对的。有些动词后（或成语中），我们也可用动名词的一般式表示发生于"谓语动作"之前的"动名词动作"。 I don't remember ever seeing her any time . 我不记得曾几何时见过她。 He apologized for interrupting us . 他因打断了我们的谈话而向我们道歉。 Thank you for offering me so much help . 当动名词在句子中的逻辑主语在意义上是动名词动作的宾语时，我们应当用动名词的被动形式。 "being + 过去分词"是动名词被动式的一般形式；"having + been + " 是动名词被动式的完成形式。 People hate being praised for nothing .人们不喜欢无缘无故的赞扬。 The problem is far from being solved .这问题远没得到解决。 His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot . She didn't mind being left alone at home .她不介意被一人留在家里。 After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly .他接受了特殊化的训练后，能顺利地对付他周围的一切。 He can't remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter . 但是在很多情况下，我们常用动名词的一般被动形式；避免使用动名词被动式的完成形式，因为它会使句子显得累赘。最后，还有一点值得我们注意： want（需要）, need（需要）, deserve（值得）, require（需要）等词后，我们用动名词的主动形式表达被动意思。 Your car needs filling . 你这车要充气了。 This city deserves visiting . 这座城市值得光顾一下。 The problem requires studying carefully .这个问题需要认真研究。 The trees want watering .这些树需要浇水了。
动名词的时态： 动名词的一般时 动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。 I enjoy swimming in the big river. I am used to watching TV in the evening. 动名词的完成时 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 She regret not having studied the computer hard. Do you remember having promised me that? 动名词的被动形式 ： 当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。 His being looked down upon made him sick. I can't really stand being treated like that. 动名词的几个特殊情况： 1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以， 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。
能跟动名词的动词有： avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help, 等。 能跟不定式的动词有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage, 能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start, 动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的， 一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。 I like to go with you. I like reading. He promised to help her. We love watching VCD. 2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。 I remember meeting him in the street. I remember to write a letter to my parents. 3) "stop + 动名词"表示停止动名词所表示的动作， "stop + 不定式"表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。 Stop smoking, please. Let's stop to have a rest. 4) 动名词和分词的区别： 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时， 分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 reading text 阅读课文 〔动名词〕 developing country 发展中国家 〔分词〕 a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔动名词〕 boiled water 开水 〔分词〕 能用动名词作宾语的的动词： consider can’t help can’t stand enjoy excuse escape practise put off miss mind avoid risk give up finish imagine keep suggest
2. 用动名词作宾语．而用不定式作宾补的动词： advise allow permit encourage
3．"八大金刚" remember forget stop mean try regret agree go on
4. need , demand, want, require 表示“需要”的用法．
5. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别．
6. 状语中的动名词．
7. 动名词的复合结构．
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