十二、特殊句式之一：倒装和省略 选题 周春红 编审 刘燕飞
（一）倒装 I.知识重点
1.掌握全部倒装和部分倒装的情况. 2.掌握一些特殊倒装的情况.
II.知识呈现:
倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列, 而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段, 目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装, 考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子认出来, 避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。
1、用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中, 全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来, 把谓语移到主语前面： 1）出于修辞需要, 表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如： Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane 2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意：here, there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词, 如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 “ Where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are. There he comes. 3)有时主语较长, 为了使句子平衡, 避免头重脚轻, 主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
2、用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前, 构成部分倒装, 而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前 1）下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装 ： never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如： Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. 注：如果谓语动词是单个实义动词, 倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如： Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly. 2). 以only修饰状语（副词, 介词短语, 状语从句）开头的句子, 句子的主谓要部分倒装： only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如： Only when you have obtained sufficient data?????? come to a sound conclusion. A. can you???????? B. would you?????? C. you will???????? D. you can 3). 以下列副词或短语开头的句子, 句子的主谓要部分倒装： often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time 如： So involved with their computers?do the children become?that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. 4). 用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装
肯定重复倒装用so. They have got up, and so has Jack.
否定重复倒装用nor, neither, no more. If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they. 5). “not only..but also”结构时, 如果not only 放在句首,则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.
3、特殊的倒装结构 ? 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而往往是出于强调的需要, 把强调部分移到句首, 而其它部分顺序不需要改变, 句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能： 1). 让步从句的倒装。 as引导让步状语从句, 必须采用倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而是将被强调的内容置 于句首。如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job. Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight. 2）.no matter how(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如： No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词, 可将 if 省略, 把were, had, should 移到主语之前, 采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again. 4) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中： May you all be happy.
(二)省 略 I.知识要点 掌握英语中各种省略情况
II.知识呈现
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。 ★词法上的省略 ?1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 ??????1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如： ????????? These are John's books and those are Mary's (books).
??????2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略 如： ???????????? at the doctor's at Mr. Green's to my uncle's????at the barber's ?2. 冠词的省略 ??1）为了避免重复 ????????The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.（thunder前省略了定冠词the） ??2）在the next day (morning, week, year...)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可
以省略。如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. ??3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如： She sings best in the class. ??4）在某些独立主格结构中。如： ?????????Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) ???5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. ?3. 介词的省略 ???1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复
数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如： ???????? Both (of) the films were interesting. She invited both of us to her birthday party.
???2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如： ???????? These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. ???3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如： ????????? The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. ???4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing..., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing...,spend... (in) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。 ????????? Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.?????
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? ????????? I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.
4. 动词不定式中的省略 ?1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be
+ n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如： ???????? I consider him (to be) lazy.??????His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.
2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice,observe 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。如： ???????? They made the boy go to bed early. The boy was made to go to bed early. ???????? 注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
3）在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to; but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。如： We have nothing to do now but wait. ????????? I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact.
4）在并列结构中为了避免重复。如： I'm really puzzled what to think or say. ?????但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如： ???????? I came not to scold but to praise you.
5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。如： ???????? Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 6）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。如：They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。 Don't go till I tell you to. ????在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。如: ?????????-- -Will you go to the cinema with me???---Well, I'd like to (go with you). ????????? I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you). ?????在某些形容词，如：afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。如：-Will you join us in the game? -Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). ??????有些动词，如：tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。如： He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). ???????注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。如： ????????? ——Are you a teacher? ——No, but I used to be (a teacher).
★句法中的省略 ????? 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。 ??1. 简单句中的省略 ???１）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如：What a hot day (it is)! How wonderful! ???２） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。如： ????????? ——（Will you） Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗？? ——No. Thanks. ????????? （Is there）Anything else to say? 2. 并列句中的省略 ???1）如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。如： ????????? John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. ???2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。如： ????????? His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry. ???3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。如： ???????? Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. ???4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。如： ??????? Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）. ?3. 复合句中的省略 ??? 名词性从句中的省略 ????（1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。如：Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it). ?????????????????? He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone). ????（2）有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。如： ???????????????? （I'm） Sorry I've kept you waiting so long. ????? （3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如：It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.??????????????? ?定语从句中的省略 ?????（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。如： ??????????The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. ??????????Where is the book (which) I bought this morning? ?????（2）关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。如： ?????????I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. ?????????The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. ?????? The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable.
状语从句中的省略 ?????? 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 （1）在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。如： ???????????? While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines.?
（2）在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。如： ???????????? Though (they were) tired, they went on working.?????
（3）在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如： ???????????? You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited. ?（4）在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。如： ???????????? He did as (he had been) told. ???????????? He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.?????
（5）在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。如： ???????????? I know you can do better than he (can do). ??????????? This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). ★替代性省略 ??????在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so， not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。如： ?????? ——Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting??????? ——I suppose not.
III.高考真题:
1.(07全国II)If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, ____________.
A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will
2.(07陕西) that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.
A. So successful her business was B. So successful was her business
C. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business
3.(07安徽) Little _______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.
A. he realized B. he didn't realize C. didn't he realize D. did he realize
4.(07江苏)— My room gets very cold at night. — ___________.
A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does
5.(07辽宁)I’ve been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom __so lonely as now.
A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. had I felt
6.(07上海) — How was the televised debate last night?
— Super! Rarely ______ so much media attention.
A. a debate attracted B. did a debate attract C. a debate did attract D. attracted a debate
7. (06全国) Only then___________how much damage had been caused.
A.she realized B.she had realized C.had she realized D.did she realize
8. (06福建)_______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.
A.So much B.Too much C.Too little D.So little
9. (06广东)So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found
10. (06湖北)_______fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
11. (06江西)The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings;__,it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides
12. (06四川) At the foot of the mountain?______?? .???
A.a village lie? B.lies a village C.does a village lie? D.lying a village
13.(06重庆)I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means??with my progress___.
A.the teacher is not satisfied?? B.is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied? D.is the teacher satisfied
14.（06上海春）Just in front of our house ___ with a history of 1,000 years.
A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands
15. (06天津)－Did Linda see the traffic accident?－No, no sooner than it happened.
A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone
16.(07安徽)In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.
A. that used to be B. it is used to C. it was used to D. it used to be
17. (07全国)Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _________ their education that causes misunderstanding. A. like B. as C. or D. but
18. (07江苏)—My room gets very cold at night. —___________.
A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does
19. (07上海)If you talk nice and polite, people listen to you. If you shout, this is no good, ? A. do you B. don’t you C. is it D. isn’t it
20. (06全国)——What did your parents think about your decision? ——They always let me do _______ I think I should.
A. when B. that C. how D. what
21. (06湖北)--- I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. --- _______good.
A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds
22. (06广东)No matter how frequently , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed
23.(06重庆)??______________,? and I’ll get the work finished. A.Have one more hour? B.One more hour C.Given one more hour? D.If I have one more hour 24.（05山东）---Let’s go to a movie after work, OK? ---________
A. Not at all B. Why not? C. Never mind D. What of it?
25.（05江苏）---How about putting some pictures into the report?
---____________ A picture is worth a thousand words.
A. No way. B. Why not? C. All right. D. No matter.
26.（05浙江）The old tower must be saved, _________ the cost.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever
27.（05广东）Tara: This is Tare Patel from Cotton House in Kidderminster. Could I speak to Mr.
Smith, please? Mr. Smith: _________
A. Hello B. I’m Mr. smith C. Who are you? D. Speaking
28.(09福建）For a moment nothing happened Then all shouting together.
A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would come D. did voices come
29.(09湖南) Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired
30.（09湖南）You and I could hardly work together, ?
A. could you B. couldn’t I C. couldn’t we D. could we
31.（09江西）According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer ________ a woman. A. than B. such C. so D. as
32.（09江西）It was _____ he came bank from Africa that wear _________ he met the girl he would like to marry.
A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when
33.（09江西） Some of you may have finished unit one. _____ , you can go on to unit two.
A. If you may B. If you do C. If not D. If so
34. (09海南）The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _____, but students became more interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy
35.（09山东）So sudden ________that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack D. the attack was
36.（09陕西） He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, ?
A. is he B. isn’t he C. must he D. mustn’t he
37.（09陕西） Little about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.
A. did Rose care B. Rose did care C. Rose does care D. does Rose care
38.（09四川）— I wonder ________ you’ll water this kind of flower. ——Every other day.
A. how often B. how long C. how soon D. how much
39.（09四川）Not until I came home last night ________ to bed.
A. Mum did go B. did Mum go C. went Mum D. Mum went
40. (09重庆）Unsatisfied_______with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience. A. though?was?he???B. though?he?was C. he?was?though???D. was?he?though
41.（09江苏）-------What’s the matter with Della?
------- Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still _______.?
A. hopes to?????????? B. hopes so???????? C. hopes not???????? D. hopes for
42.（09安徽）-----Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
----- Yes, _______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
43.（09福建）—— Who should be responsible for the accident?
—— The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
44. (09湖南)I thought we’d be late for the concert, __ we ended up getting there ahead of time.
A. but B. or C. so D. for
45. (09湖南）_______ the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about Firefighting. A. Having searched B. To search C. Searching D.Search
46. (08江苏)______ you eat the correct foods ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A. only if; will you B. Only if; you will C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will
47.（09江西）My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.
A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that
48.（09江西）It was announced that only when the fire was under control ___ to return to their homes.
A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted
C. would be residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted
49. (09辽宁)Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ______.
A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I
50. (09全国) Stand over there ___ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.
A. but B. till C. and D. or
51.(09全国) It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
A. that B. how C. which D. when
52.(09陕西)Not until the motorbike looked almost new _________ repairing and cleaning it.
A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop
53.(09天津)It was along the Mississippi River ___Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A. how B. which C. that D. where
54.(09重庆)It was not until midnight __ they reached the camp site.
A .that B. when C. while D. as
55.(09重庆）Only when I left my parents for Italy __ how much I loved them.
A. I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize
56.(09重庆）The artist was born poor, ________ poor he remained all his life.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
57. (09上海)So much of?interest __that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all. A. offers Beijing B.??Beijing offers C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer
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