The Sixth Period Writing
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
a. 重点词汇
illegal, danger
b. 重点句式
I hope you don’t mind answering ... P17
Decide which ... are most likely to stop ... from smoking. P77
I think I have a right to ... P78
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the Ss to prepare a presentation or a letter on the dangers of smoking.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the Ss learn how to prepare a presentation on smoking and write a letter of reply to show personal attitudes toward smoking.
Teaching important & difficult points教学重点和难点
How to prepare a presentation on the dangers of smoking and write a letter of reply.
Teaching methods教学方法
Task based learning, discussion and writing.
Teaching aids教具准备
A projector and a computer.
Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式
Step I Revision
Let the Ss exchange the passages about drug use and smoking they have collected.
Step II Writing
The purpose of this writing is to let the Ss talk about the problem of smoking in China. Through asking and answering questions, the Ss can learn something about the situation of smoking in China.
T: We have learned something about smoking in this module. Here’s an email from a student in the US. Look through it quickly and choose the correct subject for it.
After a while.
T: Which do you choose?
S: No. 2, Smoking.
T: Do you all agree with him?
Ss: Yes.
T: Now, I’ll divide you into groups of four. Each group should discuss the e-mail and write a reply and then present some questions about the situation of smoking in the US.
Walk around the classroom to help them if necessary. After a few minutes.
T: Have you finished?
Ss: Yes.
T: Now I’ll ask some groups to present your reply and questions.
Sample version 1:
Dear Paul,
I’m very glad to receive your email. Through our survey, we have got that most adults smoke in China. It’s not against the law to smoke in public buildings, but in some public buildings, smoking is not allowed. As far as I see, our government isn’t planning to change the law about smoking in public.
Best wishes,
Zhou Kai
Our questions are:
1. Do most adults smoke in the US?
2. What do people in your country think about the law against smoking?
3. Do young people smoke in the US?
4. Is smoking a serious problem in your country?
Sample version 2:
Dear Paul,
I’m very glad to receive your email. Our answers to your questions are: Most adults smoke in China. But less and less young people smoke, because they have realized the importance of health. Now it’s not against the law to smoke in public buildings. But I think our government will change the law about smoking in public and reduce dangers of fires.
Best wishes,
Zhou Kai
Our questions are:
1. What’s people’s attitude towards the law against smoking in your country?
2. What other measures do you take to stop smoking?
3. Do you smoke? What’s your opinion about smoking?
T: You’ve done a very great job! Now turn to page 77.
Step III Speaking and Writing
Get the Ss to work in pairs to finish Ex. 18 on page 77. Then collect answers from the whole class.
Sample versions:
S: In my opinion, the second and the seventh actions are likely to stop teenagers from smoking. First, tell them the possible harm done by smoking. Then, get people with serious smoking-related diseases to visit them, let them see the bad body condition of these people. They probably can stop smoking.
S: I think the third, the fourth and the fifth ones are likely to stop teenagers from smoking. Only when the country establishes law to make tobacco illegal can smoking be stopped. In my opinion, other methods such as teaching the dangers of smoking are useless.
T: Now turn to page 78. Read this letter and find out if the writer is for or against smoking.
After a while.
T: Is the writer for or against smoking?
S: He’s for smoking. Because he’s a smoker and his parents are smokers, too.
T: OK! You are right. Now, write a letter of reply to show your personal opinions about smoking according to Ex. 20.
After a while, ask some Ss to read their letters.
Sample version 1:
Dear friend,
I’m also a student but I’m against teenagers smoking. When you smoke, you can become addicted to nicotine. Nicotine is as addictive as the drug heroin and cocaine. Before long, you may have problems with your teeth and gums. Your teeth, fingers and fingernails will be stained with nicotine. You’ll have bad breath, too. So your friends won’t stay with you. Actually, you have the right to smoke. But when you smoke in public places, nonsmokers will inhale the smoke which comes directly from the burning cigarette or that is exhaled by you. This will violate others’ right, won’t it? If you want to smoke, you should stay in your own room or when you’re alone.
Yours truly,
A nonsmoker
Sample version 2:
Dear friend,
I’m a student and I like to smoke, too. My grandparents are smokers but they’re very healthy. So I don’t think smoking is so bad for my health. But my parents don’t allow me to smoke, I’m very annoyed. Although the law doesn’t stop me from smoking in some public places, I still get much complaint from other people. I totally agree with you that we have the right to smoke. I wish I could smoke freely whenever and wherever I want!
Yours truly,
A smoker
Step IV Task
T: Turn to page 20. Please work in groups of four to make a list of the dangers of smoking and then discuss the questions in Activity 3. After discussion, prepare a presentation based on your discussions.
A few minutes later.
T: Have you finished? Who can make a list of the dangers of smoking?
S: Let me have a try. The dangers of smoking are:
1. It can cause lung cancer and other lung diseases.
2. It can cause heart disease.
3. It can cause stroke.
4. It can cause infertility.
5. It can cause fire.
A sample presentation:
The biggest danger of smoking for people is that it affects people’s health. I take the bus to school every day. Often I meet people who smoke on the bus. They smell bad when they pass by me. They often cough and their fingers are yellow. Some of my neighbors who are smokers suffer from different illnesses. Even a few died of lung cancer and emphysema. Giving up smoking is not easy once you have addicted to it. But compared with other strange diseases, such as SARS and bird flu, we can handle smoking more easily. So the most important is whether you have made up your mind. So long as you want to be healthy, so long as you want to live longer, you should make a plan to give up smoking. All the ideas in Cultural Corner are good. Choose some that are most suitable for you.
T: Your presentation is excellent! But time is limited. We don’t have enough time to ask more students to present. Please hand in your papers after class. That’s all for today.
Step V Homework
Sum up the whole module.
附 件
Questions About Smoking, Tobacco, and Health
Is there a safe way to smoke?
No. All cigarettes can damage the human body. Any amount of smoke is dangerous. Cigarettes are perhaps the only legal product whose advertised and intended use-smoking — is harmful to the body and causes cancer.
Although some people try to make their smoking habit safer by smoking fewer cigarettes, most smokers find it hard to do so. Some people think that switching from high-tar and high-nicotine cigarettes to those with low tar and nicotine makes smoking safer, but this is not true. When people switch to brands with lower tar and nicotine, they often start smoking more cigarettes, or more of each cigarette, to get the same nicotine dose as before.
A low-tar cigarette can be just as harmful as a high-tar cigarette when a person takes deeper puffs, puffs more frequently, or smokes it to a shorter butt length. Even if smokers who switch to lower-tar brands do not make these changes to compensate, the health benefits are very small when compared to the benefits of quitting for good.
Is cigarette smoking really addictive?
Yes. The nicotine in cigarette smoke causes an addiction to smoking. Nicotine is an addictive drug (just like heroin and cocaine) for three main reasons. When taken in small amounts, nicotine creates pleasant feelings that make the smokers want to smoke more.
Smokers usually become dependent on nicotine and suffer withdrawal symptoms when they stop smoking. These symptoms include nervousness, headaches, irritability, and difficult sleeping.
Because nicotine affects the chemistry of the brain and central nervous system, it can affect the mood and nature of the smokers.
What does nicotine do?
Nicotine in large doses is a poison and can kill people by stopping a person’s breathing muscles. Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down and get rid of. The first dose of nicotine causes a person to feel awake and alert, while later doses result in a calm, relaxed feeling.
Nicotine can make new smokers, and regular smokers who get too much of it, feel dizzy or sick to their stomachs. The resting heart rate for young smokers increases two to three beats per minute. Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs and feet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers’ risk of heart disease and stroke. Because nicotine is such a powerful constrictor of arteries, many vascular surgeons refuse to operate on patients with peripheral artery disease unless they stop smoking.
Who is most likely to become addicted?
Anyone who starts smoking is at risk of becoming addicted to nicotine. Studies show that cigarette smoking is most likely to become a habit during the teen years. When young people become cigarette smokers they are more likely to become addicted. They are also more likely to suffer from the health problems caused by cigarette smoking.
How many people smoke cigarettes?
Among US adults, cigarette smoking has declined from about 42% of the population in 1965 to about 23% in 2002 (the latest year for which numbers are available). About 46 million adults smoked cigarettes in 2002. About 25% of men and 20% of women were smokers. Education seems to affect smoking rates, as shown by a steady decrease in the smoking rates in groups with a higher level of education.
Is smoking common among young people?
Yes. Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and dipping snuff, remains common among American youth, according to the most recent government surveys.
Despite declines in recent years, more than 1 in 4 high school students (28%) used some type of tobacco in 2003, and more than 1 in 5 (22%) were considered current cigarette smokers. Cigar smoking was also common among high school students (about 15%).
About 13% of middle school students used some form of tobacco, with cigarettes (10%) being the most common.
Tobacco use is higher among male students for all products except cigarettes, where the numbers for boys and girls are now about the same.
Students who smoke are more likely to use other drugs, get in fights, carry weapons, attempt suicide, and engage in high-risk sexual behaviors.
Does smoking cause cancer?
Yes. Tobacco use accounts for about one third of all cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking causes almost 90% of lung cancers. Smoking also causes cancers of the larynx (voice box), oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus, and contributes to the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine cervix, kidney, stomach, colon, and rectum; it is also linked to the development of some leukemias.
What in cigarette smoke is harmful?
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds produced by the burning of tobacco and additives. The smoke contains tar, which is made up of more than 4,000 chemicals, including over 60 known to cause cancer. Some of these substances cause heart and lung diseases, and all of them can be deadly. You might be surprised to know some of the chemicals found in cigarette smoke. They include:
cyanide
benzene
formaldehyde
methanol (wood alcohol)
acetylene (the fuel used in welding torches) ammonia Cigarette smoke also contains the poisonous gases nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. Its main active ingredient is nicotine, an addictive drug.
Why do smokers have “smoker’s cough”?
Cigarette smoke contains chemicals that irritate the air passages and lungs. When a smoker inhales these substances, the body tries to protect itself by producing mucus and coughing. The “early morning”
cough of smokers happens for several reasons. Normally, tiny hairlike formations (called cilia) beat outward and sweep harmful material out of the lungs. Cigarette smoke slows the sweeping action, so some of the poisons in the smoke remain in the lungs and mucus remains in the airways. When a smoker sleeps, some cilia recover and begin working again. After waking up, the smoker coughs because the lungs are trying to clear away the poisons that built up the previous day. The cilia stop working after long-term exposure to smoke. Then the smokers’ lungs are even more exposed and susceptible than before, especially to bacteria and viruses in the air.
Does cigarette smoking affect the heart?
Yes. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of heart disease, which is the number one cause of death in the United States. Smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes are all risk factors for heart disease, but cigarette smoking is the biggest risk factor for sudden heart death. Also, smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die within an hour of the heart attack than nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke can cause harm to the heart at very low levels, much lower than what causes lung disease.
How does smoking affect pregnant women and their babies?
Pregnant women who smoke risk the health and lives of their unborn babies. Smoking during pregnancy is linked with a greater chance of miscarriage, stillbirth, infant death, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Up to 10% of infant deaths would be prevented if pregnant women did not smoke.
When a pregnant woman smokes, the nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other harmful chemicals enter her bloodstream, pass directly into the baby’s body, and prevent the baby from getting essential nutrients and oxygen for growth.
What are some of the short-term and long-term effects of smoking cigarettes?
Smoking causes many types of cancer, which may not develop for years. The truth is cigarette smokers die younger than nonsmokers. In fact, according to a study of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted in the late 1990s, smoking shortened male smokers’ lives by 13.2 years and female smokers’ lives by 14.5 years. Both men and women who smoke are much more likely to die during middle age (between the ages of 35 and 69) than those who have never smoked.
Smoking also causes many short-term effects, such as decreased lung function. Because of this, smokers often suffer shortness of breath and nagging coughs, and they often will tire easily during physical activity. Some other common short-term effects: a diminished ability to smell and taste, premature aging of the skin, and increased risk of sexual impotence in men.
Why do people begin to smoke?
Most people begin smoking as teens, generally because of peer pressure and curiosity. Also, people with friends and/or parents who smoke are more likely to take up smoking than those who don’t. The younger a person is when he or she begins to smoke, the more likely he or she is to develop nicotine addiction.
Another common influence in our society is the tobacco industry’s ads and other promotional activities for its products. The tobacco industry spends billions of dollars each year to create and market ads that show smoking as an exciting, glamorous, and healthy adult activity.
Is there a vaccine to help smokers quit?
Researchers are currently studying a vaccine that may one day help smokers fight nicotine addiction and reduce the burden of illness and death from smoking. The vaccine — a form of nicotine attached to a large protein — stimulates the immune system to make antibodies. When a vaccinated person smokes, the antibodies bind to any nicotine that enters the bloodstream. The result is an extra-large molecule that is too big to enter the brain, thereby blocking most of the effects of the nicotine.
Clinical trials on people began in 2002. So far, the vaccine appears to be safe and well tolerated and produces a good antibody response. However, it’s still not known if it will actually help people quit smoking. To make it more effective, the vaccine would likely be used along with other medicines and stop-smoking programs.
Another possible use of the vaccine is to help people who have quit smoking avoid relapse. Nicotine acts on the pleasure centers in the brain-and this is especially powerful in former smokers-but the vaccine prevents nicotine from ever reaching those areas. The vaccine also shows promise as a smoking-prevention drug, by immunizing people who have never smoked against the effects of nicotine. If progress on the vaccine continues, it will be at least 2007 before the last phase of clinical trials could be completed. After that, an application to the FDA would need to be made to request approval of the vaccine.
Am I at risk for developing lung cancer from smelling smoke odors on clothing or being in a room where people have been smoking (but are not smoking presently)?
There is no research in the medical literature about the cancer — causing effects of cigarette odors, but the literature shows that secondhand smoke can seep into hair, clothing, and other surfaces. The unknown cancer — causing effects would likely be minimal in comparison to direct secondhand smoke exposure, such as living in a household that has a smoker.
What is being done to protect people from the hazards of smoking?
Both the public and private sectors have acted to help decrease smoking-related deaths and illnesses in this country. Since 1966, the US Surgeon General’s health warnings have been required on all cigarette packages and, since 1987, on all smokeless tobacco products. As of 2001, the 7 major cigar manufacturers in the US began providing 5 health warnings that rotate on cigar labels, similar to those on cigarette packages.
Congress banned television and radio cigarette advertising on TV and radio in 1971 and smokeless tobacco advertising in 1987. The American Legacy Foundation and many states conduct creative antismoking public service messages that are featured on television, radio, and billboards.
Taxes on cigarettes have been shown to discourage young people from starting to smoke and to encourage smokers to quit. State taxes on tobacco vary from less than 10 cents a pack in some state to more than 2 dollars a pack in others.
Laws in all 50 states and the District of Columbia restrict or do not allow smoking in certain public places. Many federal worksites, including the White House, are smoke-free. Also, smoking is banned on all domestic airplane flights.
What are the health risks of smoking pipes or cigars?
Smoking cigars or pipes is not a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes.
Most of the same cancer — causing substances found in cigarettes are found in cigars. Most cigars have as much nicotine as several cigarettes. When cigar smokers inhale, nicotine is absorbed as rapidly as it is with cigarettes. For those who do not inhale, it is absorbed more slowly through the lining of the mouth. Both inhaled and exhaled nicotine are highly addictive.
Smoking cigars causes cancers of the lung, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, and probably cancers of the bladder and pancreas. Cigar smokers have a greater risk of dying from cancer of the oral cavity, larynx (voice box), or esophagus compared with nonsmokers. The risk of death from lung cancer is not so high as it is for cigarette smokers, but is still several times higher than the risk for nonsmokers.
Cigar smokers who inhale deeply and smoke several cigars a day are also at increased risk for heart disease and chronic lung disease.
Pipe smokers are at increased risk of dying of cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, pancreas, colon and rectum. They are also at increased risk of dying of heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The level of these risks seems to be about the same as that for cigar smokers.
What are the chances that smoking will kill you?
About half of all those who continue to smoke will die because of the habit. In the U.S., tobacco causes nearly 1 in 5 deaths, killing about 435,000 Americans each year. Smoking is the single most preventable cause of death in our society.
Based on current smoking patterns, smoking will kill about 500 million people alive in the world today. Tobacco — caused deaths worldwide are expected to increase from about 5 million per year today to about 10 million per year by the 2030s. Most of these deaths will occur in developing countries.
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