● Grammar and Usage
Here we will learn to recognize situations where the past perfect tense is used and the time expressions used together with the tense. We will also see how the tense is formed. You will read two stories and complete them using the correct verb forms. Pay attention to the differences between the past perfect tense and the simple past tense.
Step 1: Past perfect tense
Past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.
Form of Past Perfect [had] + [past participle] Examples: I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S. They had never met an American until they met John.
Note: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (had never met).
USE 1
Completed Action Before Something in Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.
USE 2
Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous Verbs)
With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect Unlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below are correct. EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER If the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all times. Compare the two sentences below.
EXAMPLE: She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS of Past Perfect EXAMPLES George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVE Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVE
Step 2: Practice
1. Read Point 1 on page 48 to see which action happens first in the sentence given. Note that the past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used. So these two tenses are often used together.
Look at the diagram in Point 1 first, and then read the example sentence. Note how the past perfect tense is used with the simple past tense.
2. Read the following two sentences to see how the predicate is changed when the sentence is turned from the direct speech into the indirect speech.
Toby said, “I will/shall not be in London next week.”
Toby said that he would not be in London the next week.
Next let’s look at another two sentences:
Toby said, “I went to Africa a month ago.”
Toby said that he had gone to Africa a month before.
So you see if a sentence which uses the simple past tense in the direct speech is changed into the indirect speech, it will use the past perfect tense. Now go over Point 2 on page 48.
3. Go over Point 3 to see in what situation the past perfect tense can be used.
4. Please talk about what time expressions can be used with the past perfect tense and how the tense is formed. Then we’ll go over Points 4 and 5 on page 48.
Step 3:Present perfect or past perfect?
We’ve learned both the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense, but do you know when to use the present perfect and when the past perfect.
1. Please go over the guidelines and the example sentences on page 51 and identify the differences between the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense.
Look at the examples:
Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangely.
Now from the following diagrams you can see the different times of each example sentence given.
Howard Carter became famous
Future
Past Present
Present
Past
The tomb had People began to fall
been opened. ill and die strangely.
2. Please read the following two sentences and identify the differences between them:
Toby said, “I have stayed in Africa for more than a month.”
Toby said that he had stayed in Africa for more than a month.
Note that when we change a sentence from the direct speech into the indirect speech like this, the tense will be changed from the present perfect tense to the past perfect tense.
Step 4: Consolidation
1. Go over the notes about Amelia Earhart on Page 49 to see who she was and what happened to her and then complete the story.
Answers
A. (2)moved (3)had, taken (4)had become (5)had met
(6)had begun (7)had started (8)had, gone
Please read Part B on page 50 and complete the passage using the simple past tense or the past perfect tense.
Answers
B (1)surprised (2)was built (3)spent (4)was finished
(5)had wanted (6)had received (7)arrived (8)had hit
(9)survived (10)had searched (11)used (12)had caused
Look at the four pictures with sentences in the direct speech. Then complete the article using the past perfect tense by changing the sentences into the indirect speech.
Answers:
(1)had failed (2)had tried (3)had heard (4)had caught (5)had showed/shown
4. To know more clearly about the differences between the simple past and the past perfect, do Part C1 on page 98 in Workbook.
Answers
1. flew, had done, kept, had hoped, believed
2. went, slept, had fell, broke
3. went, had planned, was, woke, noticed, had happened
4. landed, managed, had travelled
5. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the verbs.
(1)I asked him to let me drive as he ___________ for hours. (drive)
(2) Since you ________ the rules, you can correct these grammatical mistakes by yourselves. (learn)
(3) They _______ because their schoolbags are still in their desk. (not leave)
(4) Mr Bell,, who I ___________ to London, still lives in Liverpool. (think, move)
(5) When the noise _______ down, the schoolmaster began his speech. (die)
(6) It _________ cold this year, I wonder when it is going to get warmer. (be)
(7) I _________ cakes. That’s why my hands are all covered with flour. (make)
(8) When I got back, they _______ down most of the houses in the street. (pull)
(9) It was not until I _________ your letter that I knew the truth. (read)
(10)The lady has been to the shop several times, but she ___________ anything. (buy, never)
Answers
(1) had been driving (2) have learned (3) have not left (4) thought had moved (5) had died (6) has been (7) have been making (8) had pulled (9) had read (10) has never bought
Resources
When we change the sentence that someone said using the present perfect tense in direct speech into indirect speech, the past perfect tense is used.
“I have never visited the Great Pyramid, but I have read a lot about it,” he said to me.
He told me that he had never visited the Great Pyramid, but he had read a lot about it.
The time markers like by now and by the end of last year etc. can help us distinguish the two tenses.
We have received more than ten letters from him by now.
We had received five letters from him by the end of last year.
When we talk about an action that began in the past and lasts until the present, we use the present perfect tense. When we talk about an action that ended at a time in the past, we use the past perfect tense.
Step 5: Grammar execises
I. Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examinations:
All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness______.
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown
The news came as no surprise to me. I _______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know
I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he _______ it.
A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned
I arrived late; I ______ the road to be so icy.
A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected C. hadn’t expected D. wasn’t expecting
My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I ______ half of it.
A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed
The crazy fans _______ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ______ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen
---George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
---No. I _______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
9. I ______ Bill this morning, but I ______ him since.
A. have seen; haven’t seen B. saw; haven’t seen
B. saw; didn’t see D. had seen; haven’t seen
10. ---Dad, do you know I had long been looking forward to your staying with me for the last weekend?
---Sorry, son. I ______, but I was just too busy.
A. had really wanted to B. have planned to C. have intended to D. had hoped me to
11. He _________ more that 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
12. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house ,the sun _____ itself behind the mountain.
A．started ;had already hidden B．had started ;had already hidden
C．had started ;was hiding D．was starting; hid
13. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She before.
A. hasn't flown B. didn't fly C. hadn't flown D. wasn't flying
14. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I_______ to a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given
15. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _______ for the wedding. A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned
II. Filling the blanks with proper tense.（Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect） 1. When I (arrive) ______home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) ______a beautiful candle-lit dinner. 2. Since I began acting, I (perform) ______in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) _______publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ______without me. My boss (be) _____furious with me and I (be) ______fired. 4. When I (turn) _____the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ______a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) ______the song in years, and it (bring) _____back some great memories. 5. When Jack (enter) ______the room, I (recognize, not) ______him because he (lose) ______so much weight He looked totally different! 6. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) _____by the time Europeans first (arrive) ______in the New World. 7. I (visit) ______so many beautiful places since I (come) ______to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) _______of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches or Canyonlands.
Keys: I. 1-5 CACCD 6-10 BDCBA 11-15 DACCD
Keys: II. 1. arrived, had prepared 2. have performed, had never even spoken 3. had already begun, was, was 4. turned, heard, had not heard, brought 5. entered, didn’t recognize, had lost 6. had virtually disappeared, arrived 7. have visited, came, had never heard
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