Unit 4 Earthquakes
语言要点（模块）
单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）
词汇
部分
词语
辨析
1. congratulate / celebrate
2. destroy / ruin / damage / harm
3. rise / raise / lift
4. hurt / injure / wound
词形
变化
1. frighten vt. 吓唬；使惊吓
frightened n. 受惊的；受恐吓的
frightening adj.令人恐惧的
2. nation n. 民族；国家；国民
national adj. 民族的；国家的
3. suffer v. ?受苦; 吃苦头
suffering ?n. ?苦难；痛苦
sufferer n.受苦者; 受难者
重点
单词
1. burst v.&n. 爆裂, 爆发, 突然破裂
2. ruin v.&n. 毁灭，使破产，遗迹，废墟（名词时常用复数）
3. rescue n.&vt. 援救，营救
4. judge n.&v. 法官，鉴赏家，裁判，判断，估计
重点
词组
right away 立刻，马上
at an end 结束，终结
instead of 代替，而不
tens of thousands of 数以万计的
重点句子
1. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.
2. All hope was not lost.
重点语法
定语从句 （见语法部分）
I词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料)
1. congratulate / celebrate
【解释】
congratulate 对他人祝贺为目的，侧重以言语表示祝贺。
celebrate 通常指举行盛大隆重的仪式庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或某件事情。侧重指以行动来庆祝生日、节日等。
【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空
1). I _________ you on your success.
2). We held a party to __________ our success..
答案: 1). congratulate 2). celebrate
2. destroy / ruin / damage / harm
【解释】
destroy 表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上的彻底摧毁，使之无法恢复，也可以表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏。
ruin一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次性打击
的结果，常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。
damage 一般指对物体或生命的局部损伤，使整体的价值或作用降低或变得无价值、无作用。这种损伤可以是暴力的或一次性破坏的结果，也可以指非暴力的长期损害的结果。
harm 一般指伤害有生命的东西，常指伤及人的健康、权利、事业等。
【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空
1). You may get _________ in that shop.
2). He can’t __________ her. She sees through him every time.
答案: 1). cheated 2). fool
3. rise / raise / lift
【解释】
rise 普通用词，指具体的抽象的事物由低向高移动。
raise 及物动词，多指把某物从低处升到高处。
lift 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空
1). She ________ her eyes from her work.
2). __________ me up, mummy---I can’t see.
3). The plane was then able to ________ and it cleared the mountains by 300 feet.
答案: 1). raised 2). Lift 3). rise
4. hurt / injure / wound
【解释】
hurt 一般用语，即可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神和情感方面的伤害。
injure 比hurt正式，一般指由于意外或事故而受伤，很少指精神方面的伤害.
wound 指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤等，尤指在战争中受伤。
【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空
1). The soldier was ______ in the arm in the war.
2). She was _______ slightly in an accident during the work.
3). I was very much _______ at his words.
答案: 1). wounded 2). injured 3). hurt
II词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）
1. frighten vt. 吓唬；使惊吓
frightened n. 受惊的；受恐吓的
frightening adj.令人恐惧的
2. nation n. 民族；国家；国民
national adj. 民族的；国家的
3. suffer v. ?受苦; 吃苦头
suffering ?n. ?苦难；痛苦
sufferer n.受苦者; 受难者
【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空
1) He’s travelled to the ________ of Western Europe. (nation)
2) We are talking about _________ and international issues. (nation)
3） ___________ children were calling for their mothers.. (frighten)
4） The child __________to death by the violent thunderstorm. (frighten)
5） It is even _________ to think of the horrors of nuclear war. (frighten)
6） We ________ huge losses in the financial crisis. (suffer)
7) They’re arthritis __________. (suffer)
8) There is so much __________ in this world. (suffer)
答案: 1) nations 2) national 3) Frightened 4) was frightened
5) frightening 6) suffered 7) sufferers 8) suffering
Ⅲ重点词汇 （旨在提供综合运用所需材料）
1. burst v.&n. 爆裂, 爆发, 突然破裂
[典例]
1).The red balloon suddenly burst. 那个红色的气球突然爆了。
2). The police burst through the door. 警察破门而入。
3). On hearing the news, Leslie burst into laughter while Tracy burst out crying.
一听到这则消息，Leslie突然大笑，而Tracy则突然大哭起来。
4). A burst of hand-clapping followed the ending of the song.
歌声结束后响起了一阵掌声。
[重点用法]
burst into laughter = burst out laughing 突然大笑
burst into tears = burst out crying 突然大哭
[练习] 中译英
1). 水管在寒冷的天气里经常冻裂。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2). 太阳突然从云端里露出来。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
答案: 1). Water-pipes often burst in cold weather.
2). The sun burst through the clouds.
2. rescue n.&vt. 援救，营救
[典例]
1). The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river.
警察来救他，把他从河里拉了出来。
2). The rescue team made countless rescues during the earthquake.
营救队在这次地震期间进行了无数次救援。
3). Michael rescued a boy from drowning. 迈克把溺水的男孩救了起来。
[重点用法]
rescue sb./ sth. from sb./ sp. 把……..从……营救出来
come to/ go to sb’s rescue = rescue sb. 援救某人 a rescue team 救援队
a rescue mission 救援任务 rescue workers 救援人员
[练习] 用rescue的适当形式填空
1). The mother, along with her two children, _________from the sinking boat by a passing ship.
2). The firemen ________ five children from the burning house yesterday.
答案: 1). has been rescued 2). rescued
3. judge n.&v. 法官，鉴赏家，裁判，判断，估计
[典例]
1). His father used to be a judge. 他的父亲过去是一名法官。
2). She's a good judge of wine. 她是鉴别酒的专家。
3). The blind can’t judge colors. 盲人无法判断颜色。
4). Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。
[重点用法]
judge sb./ sth. by/from 通过……判断……
as far as I judge 我认为
judging from… 从……来看， 根据……判断
[练习] 用与judge相关的词汇填空
1). ______his appearance, he must be a rich man.
2). _______ , he must be from the south.
答案: 1). Judging 2). In her judgment
4. ruin v.&n. 毁灭，使破产，遗迹，废墟（名词时常用复数）
[典例]
1). The hurricane ruined all the houses here. 飓风使这里所有的房屋成为废墟。
2). He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因疏忽大意而断送了前途。
[重点用法]
be in ruins 呈一片废墟 fall into ruin 变成废墟 come to ruin 毁灭，落空
ruin oneself 自我毁灭 bring sb. to ruin 使毁灭
[练习] 中译英
1). 那建筑物已成断壁残垣。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2). 那教堂已破败不堪。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
答案: 1). The building is in ruins.
2). The church has fallen into ruin.
Ⅳ 重点词组 （旨在提供综合运用所需材料）
1. right away 立刻，马上
[典例]
1).I’ll return the book to you right away. 我会马上还书给你。
2). If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away.
如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。
[短语归纳]
“立刻，马上”的表达方式：
right away，right now，at once，immediately， in no time
[练习] 中译英
1). 请立刻把它打印出来。
答案: 1). I want it typed right away, please.
2. at an end 结束，终结（= finished）
[典例]
1). The war was finally at an end. 战争终于结束了。
[短语归纳]
与end搭配的常用短语
at the end of 在……末尾 by the end of 在……末为止
in the end 最后，终于 at a loose end 无所事事，处于杂乱状态
make ends meet 收支相抵
[练习] 用at the end of, by the end of 和 in the end填空。
1). How many English words have you learned ____________ last term?
2). He became an outstanding doctor ___________.
3). My uncle will fly to China _________ this year.
答案: 1). by the end of 2). in the end 3). at the end of
3. instead of 代替，而不是
[典例]
1). The Chinese use chopsticks instead of knives and forks. 中国人不用刀叉,用筷子。
2). Instead of working, Jack was idling away his time. 杰克不去工作,虚度着光阴。
3). She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。
[短语归纳]
instead 是副词，单独使用，用于句首或句末作状语，意为“代替；相反”。
instead of 是复合介词，后接名词、代词、或动名词，其后面的动作，意为“代替、而不……”。
in place of 为介词短语，也是“代替、而不”的意思，表“以甲代乙”，不含比，而instead of则是“用甲不用乙”，除“代替”外，还有对乙作否定的意思，有时意为“不”。
take the place of 作谓语，用在名词、代词前。
[练习] 单项选择。
1). Tractors _____________ horses in many places.
A. in place of B. have taken the place of C. instead D. instead of
2). You should be out playing ___________ working indoors all day.
A. in spite of B. take the place of C. instead D. instead of
答案:
1). B 2). D
4. tens of thousands of 数以万计的
[典例]
1). Tens of thousands of people were watching the game in the stadium when it began to rain heavily.
[短语归纳]
hundreds of数百的 hundreds of and thousands of 成百上千的
thousands of数千的 millions of数百万的
dozens of许多； 大量 scores of 许多； 大量
[练习] 选择填空
1). Every year ________ foreign visitors come to China.
A. tens of thousands of B. ten thousands of
C. over ten thousands D. thousands upon thousands
2). There were ____________ people in the hall.
A. two scores of B. scores of
C. two and score D. two scores
答案: 1). A 2). B
V重点句子 （旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）
1. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.
老鼠跑到地里找地方躲。
[解释] 这句话中的looking for places to hide 是作ran out of the fields 的伴随状况，这是动词的现在分词形式的一个用法。
现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
（1）现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。
（2）现在分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
（3）现在分词短语作结果状语。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
（4）现在分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
（5）现在分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如： A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注：现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
（6）“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+现在分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
[练习] 中译英
1). 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2). 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1). Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
2). Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
2. All hope was not lost. 并不是所有的希望都破灭了。
[解释]All the students do not know how to deal with the problem. = Not all the students know how to deal with the problem. 并非所有的学生都知道如何解决个问题。
I don’t know all of them. 我并不认识他们所有的人。
表示“全体”意义的代词、副词或形容 “all, both, every, everybody, always” 等和否定副词not连用时表部分否定, 而“none, neither, nobody, nothing” 等表完全否定。如：
Everyone doesn’t like the story. = Not everyone likes the story.
并非每个人都喜欢这个故事。
Nobody likes the story. 没人喜欢这个故事。
Both of the students don’t like the story. 并非这两个学生这个故事。
Neither of the students likes the story. 这两个学生都不喜欢这个故事。
[练习] 中译英
1). 并非这两个学生这个故事。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2). 这两个学生都不喜欢这个故事。
__________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1). Both of the students don’t like the story.
2). Neither of the students likes the story.
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