幻灯片 1Section Ⅳ
Unit 4
语法讲座
写作讲座
知识必备
专题练习
佳作观摩
技法指导
专题练习
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幻灯片 4限制性定语从句
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幻灯片 5一、定语从句的相关概念
1．定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代
词的从句叫定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词。
3．关系词：引导定语从句的词，叫关系词。关系词分为关
系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why等)两类。关系词通常有三个作用：
(1)连接定语从句；(2)指代先行词；(3)在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。
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幻灯片 64．定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
5．限制性定语从句用来修饰和限制先行词，与先行词之间的
关系非常密切，它所修饰的先行词代表一个(些)或一类特指的人或物，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，如果去掉，则意思含混不清。
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幻灯片 7二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．定语从句中的引导词及其在从句中的作用
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幻灯片 8Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7：50 am.
那些想去博物馆的人必须在早上7：50 前在大门口集合。
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你正在找的医生在房间里。
Nobody wants the house whose windows are all broken.
没有人想要窗户全坏的房子。
Jinan is a city which has a history of more than 2,000 years.
济南是一个拥有2 000多年悠久历史的城市。
The flowers that she received are from her boyfriend.
她收到的花是她男朋友送的。
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幻灯片 9[考题印证1]
1－1(2011·福建高考)She has a gift for creating an
atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A．which B．where
C．what D．who
解析：选 考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere 与修饰它的定语从句被 for her students 隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用 which引导。
A
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幻灯片 101－2(2011·新课标全国卷)The prize will go to the writer
________story shows the most imagination.
A．that B．which
C．whose D．what
解析： 选 考查定语从句。 先行词the writer 与定语从句的主语story之间为所属关系， 因此用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。
C
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幻灯片 112．关系代词that和which的用法区别
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幻灯片 12I have some books that are worth reading.
我有几本值得看的书。
This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen.
这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
这正是我想买的那本词典。
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幻灯片 13Which is the Tshirt that fits me most?
哪一件T恤最适合我？
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
你还记得我们学过的那位科学家和他的理论吗？
The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
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幻灯片 14[考题印证2]
(2011·山东高考)The old town has narrow streets and small
houses______are built close to each other.
A．they B．where
C．what D．that
解析：选 考查定语从句。关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。
D
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幻灯片 15三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
有时从句中的介词可以提前到关系代词之前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构，关系代词可以用which, whose, whom，不可以用that。其选择依据如下：
1．根据定语从句中动词或形容词等的习惯搭配。
I bought a great many books on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。
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幻灯片 162．依据与先行词的搭配。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
3．根据所表达的意义。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
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幻灯片 17[考题印证3]
(2012·湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process
________ even the small details of life should be considered.
A．what B．in what
C．which D．in which
解析：选 考查定语从句。句意：心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中最细小的细节也应该考虑在内。________ even the smallest details of life should be considered是定语从句部分，该部分主干完整，所以选关系副词；先行词是process，表抽象地点，所以选in which，相当于where。
D
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幻灯片 18四、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when，why，where 在定语从句中分别作时间、原因、地点状语，且可根据其在句中的搭配关系，转换成“介词＋关系代词”的结构。
The day will come when (＝ on which) we'll win the final victory.
我们赢得最后胜利的日子将会到来。
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幻灯片 19We know the place where (＝ in which) our teacher lives.
我们知道老师住的地方。
Do you know the reason why (＝ for which) he was so sorry?
你知道他那么难过的原因吗？
[点津] 当先行词为表示抽象的情形、局势、范围、处境、程度、状态等的词，如situation，stage，point等，且先行词在定语从句中作状语时，常用关系副词where引导。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
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幻灯片 20[考题印证4]
4－1(2012·重庆高考)Sales director is a position ________
communication ability is just as important as sales.
A．which B．that
C．when D．where
解析：选 考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句。position是先行词，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。
D
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幻灯片 214－2(2012·浙江高考)We live in an age ________ more
information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A．why B．when
C．to whom D．on which
解析：选 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知此处考查定语从句，先行词是an age，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以应该用关系副词when，故选B项。
B
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幻灯片 22五、定语从句中需注意的问题
1．当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来
引导，应用that或in which，或将它们全部省略。
2．as 引导限制性定语从句时，常用于下列句式中：
such＋名词＋as ...“像……一样的”；
the same ＋名词＋as ...“和……同样的”。
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幻灯片 233．当先行词是time时，若time表示“次数”，应用that引导
定语从句，并且that可以省略；若time表示“一段时间”讲，应用when或“at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.
这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。
This is at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
这是在一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时代。
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幻灯片 244．定语从句中的主谓一致
当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致，但要注意以下几点：先行词是“one of＋复数名词”结构时，关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式；但如有the very, the only, the first, the last, the right等修饰one时，谓语动词用单数。
This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。
She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.
她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。
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幻灯片 25点此进入
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幻灯片 26人物描写
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幻灯片 27 你们学校的英语校报最近开展了一次题为“My Favorite Teacher”的征文比赛。你计划报名参赛，写作对象是你的英语老师Mr Green，因为他课上得生动有趣，而且善于激发大家的思维，博得了同学们的喜爱。请你根据下列要点写一篇关于他的文章参加比赛：
1．简要描述他的外貌；2.喜欢他的原因。
注意：词数120～150；参考词汇：激发motivate。
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幻灯片 28My Favorite Teacher
①Our English teacher Mr Green, only several years older than us, is a really special teacher.
②He is very tall and has a beard, which makes him look unusually serious. ③In fact, he is very kind and humorous. ④He seems born able to make his class full of laughter all the time, which explains why he is also called Magician. ⑤For example, during the class, he always has ways of giving us surprise, such as making a joke or singing a song and so on. ⑥So what he teaches comes natural to us. ⑦What's more, he
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幻灯片 29can easily cheer up one in low spirits. ⑧I used to be poor in English, but with the help of Mr Green I have made much progress and caught up with the class.
⑨He has been regarded as our friend we can turn to when we are in difficulty. ⑩Mr Green is indeed a good teacher to all of us.
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幻灯片 30第一段用一句话点明了英语老师的与众不同。
第二段描述了英语老师的外貌以及喜欢他的原因。
第三段表达了对英语老师的评价和尊重。
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幻灯片 31亮点一：③⑤⑥⑦句用了连接词in fact, for example, so, what's more使文章行文更加流畅。
亮点二：②④⑨句使用了定语从句，⑧句使用了并列句，使文章充实而富有特色。
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幻灯片 32如何描写人物
人物描写包括人物的外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等方面，用于表现人物的精神面貌、揭露人物的内心活动、提示人物的性格变化，以突出作品的主题思想。此类写作要求抓住人物特征的具体细节进行描写，分清主次，可以采用先总体、后局部的描述顺序。即先总体介绍此人所具有的特点，然后对其局部的一些细节进行介绍，最后可以再作一些总结。另外，对于有些人物描写，我们也可以根据时间或事件发生的先后顺序进行介绍。
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幻灯片 33 具体的写作技巧如下：
(1)选好描写的角度。必须考虑好站在第几人称的角度上写和从哪一点着手写。
(2)详略得当地描述。要能够抓住人物特点，按要求对人物进行描写，并要注意详略得当。
(3)准确生动地描述。描写人物时还要注意语言的准确生动性，可以灵活地使用一些主动句、被动句和with的复合结构以及从句等句式。同时，也要注意准确地使用一些动词、名词、形容词、副词以及介词词组等。
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幻灯片 34[黄金表达]
(1)介绍人物的姓名、出身
She was born in Beijing On Oct. 12th, 1986.
She was a great woman with the name of ...
She was born to/into a poor/rich family.
(2)介绍家庭背景
His/Her family was so poor that ...
His/Her father was very strict with him/her ...
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幻灯片 35(3)介绍教育背景
She was admitted to a famous university ...
She graduated from the Chinese Department of Beijing University.
When at college, he majored in math.
(4)介绍人物喜好
He is interested in/is fond of/is crazy about music.
His favorite sport is playing basketball.
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幻灯片 36(5)介绍人物生活态度
He works hard at/devotes his lifetime/himself to achieving his life goal.
He made up his mind to do the job well.
He tried his best to help others.
(6)评价人物
His hard work brought him great success.
He set a good example to us.
He was honored as a model worker.
He made great contributions to our country.
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幻灯片 37点此进入
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