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幻灯片 2Module3·Unit 3
Back to the past
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幻灯片 3----
幻灯片 41、辨析remain, stay
(1) remain与stay表示“留下，继续保持某一状态”时，常作连系动词，可以互换，其后接名词、形容词、介词短语等作表语。
(2) 当表示“剩下”(即其余的一切都被拿走、除去、破坏等)，通常只用remain而不用stay。
(3) 当表示“在某处或在某处住下”时，常用stay而不用remain。
(4) remains n．(常用复数)所剩下的，遗留下的东西
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幻灯片 5◆He stayed / remained outside while we entered the room.
他留在外面，我们进了屋子。
◆What remains of the orginal art collection is now in the city museum.
原来的艺术收藏品剩下来的现在都在市博物馆里。
◆He wants to stay with a friend in the country for a week.
他想和一个朋友在乡下待一个星期。
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幻灯片 6◆The remains of the meal are in the fridge.
剩下的饭菜在冰箱里。
◆With only 20 dollars remaining in his wallet, he couldn't order even a decent supper.
钱包里只剩下20美元了，他连一份像样的晚餐也买不了。
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幻灯片 7 Ladies and gentlemen, please remain ______ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A. seated B. seating
C. to seat D. seat
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幻灯片 82、 protect vt. 保护(使不受……的影响或破坏)
其常用句型为：protect…from / against…， from / against后接能带来伤害或损害之物。
◆He wore a pair of sunglasses to protect his eyes (from / against) strong light.
他戴上太阳镜以保护他的眼睛不受强光影响。
◆In this shelter, the injured birds are protected from human hunting.
在这个栖身之处，受伤的鸟儿们不会受到人类的猎杀。
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幻灯片 9 At minus 130℃， a living cell can be ______ for a thousand years.
A. spared B. protected
C. preserved D. developed
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幻灯片 103、influence v. 影响，感化 n. [U] 影响力，感化力，势力，权势
◆Don't let me influence your decision.
不要让我影响你的决定。
◆Listening to the music has a calming influence on her.
听音乐对她起了一种镇静的作用。
◆According to Freud, one's childhood experience will have a huge influence on their ideas of life when they are adults.
根据弗洛伊德的说法，一个人年少时的经历会对 其成年后的思想产生很大影响。
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幻灯片 11have a good / bad…influence on / upon / over 对……有好的/坏的……影响
under the influence of 受……的影响
influence sb. (to do sth.) 支配/左右某人做某事
表示“对……有影响”还可以用：
affect / influence…； have…effect on / upon…
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幻灯片 12 China has got a good ______ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.
A. reputation B. influence
C. impression D. knowledge
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幻灯片 134、aware adj. 意识到的，察觉到的
be aware of…
be aware that…
◆Were you aware of the risks at the time?
你当时意识到风险了吗？
◆I suddenly became aware of (＝ started to notice) him looking at me.
我突然注意到他在看着我。
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幻灯片 144、aware adj. 意识到的，察觉到的
◆I was not aware of / was unaware of his anger then.
我当时没有意识到他的愤怒。
◆The headmaster didn't seem to be aware that there should have been so much dispute about the decision.
校长好像没有意识到这个表决竟然有这么多分歧。
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幻灯片 15 be afraid of 害怕
be worthy of 值得
be proud of 以……为骄傲
be fond of 喜欢
be short of 缺少
be guilty of 犯(某种罪，过失)
awareness n. 意识
◆Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously.
公众对于这个问题的关注将会使政治家们认真对待它。
“be ＋ adj. ＋ of”结构短语常见的还有：
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幻灯片 165、judge n. & vt. 判断
◆His father used to be a judge.
他的父亲曾是个法官。
◆She's a good judge of wine.
她是一个很好关于酒的鉴赏家。
◆Don't judge a man by his looks.
不要以貌取人。
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幻灯片 17 judge sb. / sth. by/from 通过……判断……
judging from/by… 根据……判断
judge between right and wrong 判断是非
in one's judgement 依某人看；依某人判断
◆Don't judge a book by its cover.
不可凭外表作出判断。
judging from/by…是一个独立成分句型，一般地说，它只用其v.ing形式作状语。
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幻灯片 18用与judge相关的词汇填空
①______ from his appearance, he must be a rich man.
②________________(根据她的判断), he must be from the south.
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幻灯片 191、no doubt 毫无疑问
◆No doubt she will call us when she gets there.
她到达那里必定会给我们打电话。
◆There is no doubt of his success.
＝There is no doubt that he will succeed.
＝I have no doubt that he will succeed.
＝He will succeed without doubt.
对他的成功毋庸置疑。
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幻灯片 202、 take over 接管，接替，接任
◆When she fell ill her daughter took over the business from her.
她生病时她女儿接管了她的生意。
◆Mr. Collins will take over my duties for a week after I leave.
在我离开后柯林斯先生将接替我的工作一个星期。
◆After the UK ruled Hong Kong for 100 years, China took over this area, which was already an international financial center.
英国统治了香港100年后，中国接管了这个已经成为一个国际金融中心的地区。
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幻灯片 213、run through 跑着穿过……；(使)在……流过；反复练习，复习；匆匆阅读，贯穿于……之中；挥霍
◆Run through your notes before class.
上课前把笔记复习一下。
◆This theme runs through the whole book.
该主题贯穿全书。
◆The heir soon run through his fortune.
那个继承人很快就把财产挥霍完了。
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幻灯片 22get through 完成，到达，接通电话，结束，及格
go through 检查，审查，搜查，完成，做完，练习，遭受，经受，经历，穿过，通过
see through 看破，看穿
look through 浏览，快速查看
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幻灯片 23The girl is working very hard, expecting to ______ the test.
A. get through B. see through
C. look through D. run through
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幻灯片 244、 stop sb. from doing sth.
(＝prevent/keep sb. from doing sth.) 防止/阻止某人做……
在主动语态中，stop/prevent sb. from doing 中的from 可以省略，但是在被动语态中不可以省。keep sb. from doing sth. 中的from主动、被动语态中都不能省，因为keep sb. doing 意为“使某人不停地做某事”。
◆The heavy rain stopped/prevented her (from) going out. ＝ The heavy rain kept her from going out.
→She was stopped from going out by the heavy rain.
大雨阻止了她出去。
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幻灯片 25 As citizens, we should do what we can to stop our river ______.
A. from polluted B. from polluting
C. polluting D. being polluted
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幻灯片 261、When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days!
当我在城中漫步时，我看到保持着原样的街道，沿路都有垫脚石，这样下雨天你就不用在泥泞中行走！
本句为并列复合句，以so为分界点，I saw streets…和you did not have to…为两个平行的句子，when引导时间状语从句，just as从句和with复合结构均为streets的后置定语。
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幻灯片 272、By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more than land than anyone before…
到30岁时，他已经占领比以前任何人更多的土地……
句子中有by ＋过去时间的时间状语以及by the time ＋过去时的时间状语从句，谓语动词使用过去完成时。
◆By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.
到爱因斯坦14岁时，他已经自学了高等数学。
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幻灯片 28When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ______ up, her voice had been full of life.
A. were hanging B. had hung
C. hung D. would hang
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幻灯片 291. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ______ silent. (2012·浙江)
A. remain B. be remaining
C. having remained D. to remain
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幻灯片 302. The palace caught fires three times in the last century, and little of the original building ________ now.(2010·重庆)
A. remains B. is remained
C. is remaining D. has been remained
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幻灯片 32动词的语态(1)
表达句子主语与谓语动词逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系的谓语动词形式叫动词的语态，其中主谓关系是主动语态，动宾关系是被动语态。动词的语态是动词的属性之一。
各种时态的被动语态句式结构(以do为例)
1．一般现在时： 主语＋am/is/are done ＋其他
2．现在进行时： 主语＋am/is/are being done＋其他
3．现在完成时： 主语＋has/have been done＋其他
4．现在完成进行时： 主语＋has/have been being done＋其他
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幻灯片 335．一般过去时： 主语＋was/were done＋其他
6．过去进行时： 主语＋was/were being done＋其他
7．过去完成时： 主语＋had been done＋其他
8．过去完成进行时： 主语＋had been being done ＋其他
9．一般将来时： 主语＋shall/will be done＋其他
10．将来进行时： 主语＋shall/will be being done ＋其他11．将来完成时： 主语＋shall/will have been done＋其他12．将来完成进行时： 主语＋shall/will have been being done＋其他
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幻灯片 3413．过去将来时： 主语＋should/would be done＋其他
14．过去将来进行时： 主语＋should/would be being done＋其他
15．过去将来完成时： 主语＋should/would have been done＋其他
16．过去将来完成进行时： 主语＋should/would have been being done＋其他
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幻灯片 35英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态：
1．不知道或不必说出动作的执行者
How is this word pronounced?
这个单词怎么发音？
Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves.
科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。
After war, everything had been destroyed.
战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。
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幻灯片 362．强调动作的承受者
Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class.
小李被选为班长。
3．动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物
The bridge was washed away by the flood.
桥被洪水冲走了。
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幻灯片 374．修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
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幻灯片 385．为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules.
希望大家遵守以下规定。
6．科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程
The film is coated with lightsensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light.
胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。
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幻灯片 397．新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性
The westeast gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign.
西气东输工程7月4日开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
8．有些动词习惯上常用被动语态
He was born in this city.
他出生在这个城市。
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幻灯片 40注意：被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。
He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend.
他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。(没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整)
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幻灯片 41 高考湖南卷的单选题中动词的语态必考，而且每年1题，总计1分。
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幻灯片 421．在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of.
这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
All the important matters have now been attended to.
现在，所有重要的事情都得到了处理。
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幻灯片 432．双重被动结构
双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。
They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
We were asked to discuss the problem at once.
The problem was asked to be discussed at once.
这个问题被要求立刻讨论。(双重被动)
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幻灯片 443．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by
Smoke filled the meeting room.
⇒The meeting room was filled with smoke.
A cloth covered the table.
⇒The table was covered with a cloth.
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幻灯片 454．不能变为被动语态的结构
(1)受动词的限制
①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。
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幻灯片 46She resembles her mother.
她像她妈妈。
He lacks selfconfidence.
他缺乏自信。
This hall can hold 2，000 people.
这个大厅能容纳两千人。
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幻灯片 47②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。
Would you have a cup of tea?
你要喝杯茶吗？
③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。
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幻灯片 48Do you get me?
你明白我的意思吗？
How do you take this passage?
这段话你怎么理解？
I owe 50 pounds to you.
我欠你50英镑。
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幻灯片 49(2)受宾语的限制
①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态。
They simply cannot contain themselves for joy.
他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。
For years the two sisters looked after one another.
多年来两姐妹互相照顾。
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幻灯片 50②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。
I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.
看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.
医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。
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幻灯片 51
注意：动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。
He fixed his eyes on the oil painting.
⇒His eyes were fixed on the oil painting.
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幻灯片 52③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。
This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars.
这种字典价值10美元。
The case weighs twenty kilos.
这箱子重20公斤。
④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。
She dreamt a sweet dream.
她做了一个美梦。
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幻灯片 53⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能转换成被动语态。
He admitted having done wrong.
他承认做错了。
He has decided to go and study abroad.
他已决定出国留学。
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幻灯片 54⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态。
He left the army in 1998.
他1998年退伍。
She entered the hall at once.
她立刻就进入了大厅。
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幻灯片 55⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。
The book belongs to me.
这本书是我的。
She caught a very bad cold.
她患了重感冒。
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幻灯片 561. The bridge, which ________ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from
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幻灯片 582. — Do you like the material?
— Yes, it ________ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt
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幻灯片 603. My dictionary________. I have looked for it everywhere but still ________.
A. has lost; do not find
B. is missing; do not find
C. has lost; have not found
D. is missing; have not found
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