幻灯片 1----
幻灯片 2Module 6 Unit 1
Laughter is good for you（2）
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幻灯片 31、 make sure 弄明白，设法确保
◆To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.
为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。
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幻灯片 4 make believe 假装
make it 及时到达；成功
make love (to) 向……求爱
make one's way 前去；去
make up 和好；化妆；捏造，虚构(故事、诗等)
make up for 补偿
make out of… 用……制造， 理解， 了解
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幻灯片 5 make the bed 铺床
make the tea 沏茶
make coffee 煮咖啡
make a close study 仔细研究
make a claim 要求
make a plain 订计划
make certain 弄清楚，查明
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幻灯片 6 make sth. out 开具，填写(表格或文件)
make out that从句/what 从句 主张，声张/分清
make ends meet 使收支平衡
make excuses 制造借口
make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人
make fun of 嘲弄；拿……开玩笑
make good use of ＝ make most of (充分)利用
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幻灯片 7①This year's good harvest will ______ last year's bad one.
A. make into B. make up for
C. make it D. make out for
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幻灯片 8②He made himself ______ be a millionaire.
A. out to B. up for
C. to D. out for
②A make sb. out to be sth. 把某人说成……
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幻灯片 92、 take on 接纳，雇用；开始从事；呈现(新的面貌)
◆The factory is taking on more men.
那个工厂将招收更多的工人。
◆He was always ready to take on the hardest job.
他总是愿意干最艰难的工作。
◆The land around the lake took on a different look.
湖四周的土地面貌发生了变化。
◆This old term has taken on a new meaning.
这个旧词有了新的意义。
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幻灯片 10 take a chance 碰运气
take a vote 表决
take advantage of 利用
take…as… 把……当作……
take care 当心，注意
take charge of 负责，掌管
take…for example 以……为例
take hold of 抓住
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幻灯片 11 be taken in 被欺骗
take interest in 对……感兴趣
take it easy 放松
take notice of 注意
take a day off 休假一天
take office 就职
take part in 参加
take the place of 代替
take pride in 以……为自豪
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幻灯片 12 ①Advice has been given that we should ______ the fine weather these days to get in all the crops.
A. take charge of B. take advantage of
C. take account of D. take notice of
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幻灯片 13 ②My study of biology has ______ much of my spare time, but it has given me a great deal of enjoyment.
A. taken in B. taken down
C. taken up D. taken away
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幻灯片 14 ③After the students put up a Christmas tree in the centre, the classroom __________ a holiday appearance.
同学们在教室中央放了一棵圣诞树，教室里呈现出一派节日景象。
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幻灯片 15 ④The story then ______ a classic love triangle between Calaf, Turandot and Liu.
故事随后演绎了发生在卡拉夫、图兰朵和柳儿之间的经典三角恋情。
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幻灯片 163、 hold out
维持；保持；带来(希望)；使有(可能)；拿出
◆How long can we hold out against these attacks?
我们对这些攻击能抵抗多久？
◆His parents hold out much hope for his education in university.
他的父母对他的大学学习抱很大的希望。
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幻灯片 17 hold back 阻止，阻挡
hold on 别挂；等一等；坚持
hold on to 坚守；保留(房屋、财产等)；抓住
hold water 经得起检验，站得住脚
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幻灯片 18— Is Peter there?
— ______ (稍等) please. I'll see if I can find him for you.
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幻灯片 194、 make fun of 取笑
◆People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly.
人们嘲笑她，因为她常说傻话。
It's cruel to make fun of people who stammer.
嘲笑口吃的人未免不近人情。
◆Don't make fun of the poor boy.
不要取笑那个可怜的孩子。
◆That will teach him a lesson! It doesn't pay to make fun of the law, my man!
那会给他一个教训！与法律开玩笑绝不会有好下场，我的老弟。
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幻灯片 20Whatever the reason, research shows that in the end, the English saying ‘Laughter is the best medicine', may be true after all.
无论什么原因，最后研究显示，英语谚语“笑是最好的良药，”也许是真的。
这是一个复合句，其中含有一个whatever 引导的让步状语从句，reason 后面省略了is，另外that引导一个宾语从句。
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幻灯片 21① happens, I'll be right there for you.
不管发生什么，我都会站在你这边。
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幻灯片 22②The pandas are very dear to human beings. So people have been doing they take to save them.
熊猫是人类亲密的朋友。所以人们竭尽所能去拯救它们。
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幻灯片 231. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues ________ with her stories.(2010·上海)
A. amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
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幻灯片 242. Thousands of foreigners were ________ to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.(2010·江苏)
A. attended B. attained
C. attracted D. attached
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幻灯片 253. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ______ you have lived there for a short or a long time. (2012·湖南)
A. why B. how
C. whether D. when
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幻灯片 27段落的基本结构
在学会写句的基础上，就可以开始学习如何将句子有序地连贯起来，这就组成了段落。段落是构成语篇的基础。
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幻灯片 281. 段落的基本结构
段落(Paragraph)是由阐述同一主题紧密相关的若干句子组成，是一则语意完整、和谐统一的语篇。一般说来，一个段落由3部分组成：主题句、扩展句和结论句。主题句提出论述的主题，扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明，结论句总结全文，在论证的基础上得出结论。三者相辅相成，按逻辑顺序安排句子，并通过一些过渡句，构成一完整短文。
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幻灯片 29On Safety
①Accidents are today's most frequent cause of death in Children. ②Accidents occur to children in all sorts of places — at home, on the street, at school, on public playgrounds, at places to swim, and on camping trips. ③There are now many more chances for accidents than there used to be. ④Automobiles, power tools, electric wiring, and easy ways of starting fire are some examples. ⑤Most accidents are caused by carelessness. ⑥A great deal of effort should be taken to let children know the importance of safety. ⑦Safety is everyone's business.
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幻灯片 30 分析：在这一段落中，句①即为主题句，阐述段落的中心思想；句②，③，④，⑤和⑥为发展句，列举原因、例子等来丰富和阐明中心思想；句⑦为结尾句，与主题句相呼应，概括该段落的真正含义。
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幻灯片 312. 段落的主题句
主题句(Topic sentence)概括段落的主要内容，交代下文欲加以说明、解释、论证的观点，限制着主题在段落中讨论的范围、文章发展的模式，是整个段落的纲领。
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幻灯片 323. 段落的扩展句
扩展句(Supporting sentence)的作用是丰富、支持、扩展主题句的内涵。扩展部分的阐述要透彻，证明要充分，举例有条理，符合思想逻辑。扩展句的表达形式多种多样，可以按时间或空间顺序，从整体到局部或从局部到整体的方法进行叙述、描写、说明或议论，也可用比较、对比、比喻、推导、归纳、演绎等手段来展现。扩展句须服从主题表达的需要，不应该涉及与主题无关或关系较远的内容。
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幻灯片 334. 段落的结论句
结论句(Concluding sentence)也称总结句，它标志着段落的结束，自然应位于一段的结尾。结论句可用来重述主题、提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者思考，或对全段内容加以概述。结论之前常会出现 in short, in a word, therefore等词语。但并非所有的段落都需要结论句，有的也可采用自然结束的方式。
结论句在注意总结与呼应主题句的基础上，用一个短短的感叹句、问句、一句话概括、一个比喻、一句挑战性的话或一句名言将全段“拔高”一下，效果会更好。
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幻灯片 34参阅下面主题句与结论句呼应的例子：
① 主题句： Only a mother's love is selfless love!
结尾句： What great love this is!
② 主题句： Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.
结尾句： How important it is to read good books!
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幻灯片 35从以上的例子，我们可以清楚地看出主题句和结论句的关系，结论句在意思上和主题句保持一致，与主题句紧密呼应，但又不是简单的重复。例①运用感叹句，例②运用一句总结，它们都起到强化主题思想的作用，给读者留下了较深的印象。
结论句并非必不可少，但它能起到以下的作用：
(1)表示段落的结束；
(2)总结要点，与主题句相呼应；
(3)使读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有一个深刻的印象或进行思考。
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幻灯片 36Ⅰ.阅读下面一个段落并划分段落
①Nowadays we are required to do research work apart from the lessons we learn in school. ②We are very interested in this kind of activity. ③Last term our group made a study of the pollution in a river in my hometown. ④The river used to be clean, but now it is dirty and the water gives off a terrible smell. ⑤Our research shows that the river is mainly polluted by the waste water from the factories. ⑥Waste water from people's daily life and agricultural chemicals also lead to the pollution of the river.
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幻灯片 37⑦To deal with the problem, we call for people to be aware of how serious the situation is and do something about it. ⑧Through our research，not only did we gain practical experience, but also we developed various abilities. ⑨We find such research very valuable and helpful.
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幻灯片 39Ⅱ.从下面方框内选择适当的过渡词填入空白处
In the past twenty years or so, great advances have taken place in the world. ______， we have seen one of the most important advances in agriculture — the Green Revolution. ______ this advance we can now produce more food with less land. ______， industry has been made more and more automatic. ______，few and few people are needed to operate factories and offices
because of, first, second, as a result, therefore, finally, in addition
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幻灯片 40. ______， to explore the unknown world, more and more satellites have been launched and more and more astronauts have been sent into outer space. ______， new products of all kinds have been produced. ______， our life has become much better and much comfortable.
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幻灯片 42Ⅲ.用所给主题句运用因果关系手法，将下列词或短语组成一个连贯的段落
主题句：As a student, I completely agree with the suggestion that students should have a television lounge(休息室)．
(1)necessary — keep pace — current affairs
(2)solve the problem — noise in the classroom — because — no other place — relax
(3)a good way — have some fun
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幻灯片 45名词性从句(1)
在主从复合句中，从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下，主语、表语、宾语或同位语这4种句子成分由名词性词类充当，所以，我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句，把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。常用的连接词有：
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幻灯片 46----
幻灯片 47疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。它们的特点是：①疑问词有本身的词义；②疑问词在从句中担当句子成分，如主语、宾语或状语；③这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。
She asked me where I had been.(宾语从句)
What you have done might do harm to other people. (主语从句)
What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend.(表语从句)
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幻灯片 48一、主语从句
1．作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。
Where the party will be held has not yet been announced.
聚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
That she is a rich woman is known to us all.
众所周知，她是个富有的女人。
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幻灯片 492．从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。
It wasn't very clear what she meant.
不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should come on time.
他按时来是很重要的。
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幻灯片 503．whether 可以引导主语从句，常与or not 连用。if不能引导主语从句。
Whether I knew John doesn't matter.
＝ It doesn't matter whether I knew John.
我是否认识约翰没有关系。
Whether or not she'll come isn't clear.
＝ Whether she'll come or not isn't clear.
＝ It isn't clear whether…
她是否来还不清楚。
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幻灯片 514．注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) ＋do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that…
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
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幻灯片 52二、宾语从句
名词性从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
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幻灯片 53
1.由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但若从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。
He has told me (that) he will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that we can stay here for another day.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海，我们还可以在这儿待上一天。
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幻灯片 542．在demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“(should)＋ 动词原形”。
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
我坚持要她自己工作。
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幻灯片 553．用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
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幻灯片 564．用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思时一般只能用whether，不用if。以下情况也要用whether：
①引导主语从句并在句首时；②引导表语从句时；③引导从句作介词宾语时；④从句后有“or not”时；⑤后接动词不定式时。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not.
我想知道他来还是不来。
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幻灯片 575．注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况而使用。当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外)，从句则要用相应的过去时态，当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.(主句是一般过去时，从句为过去完成时)
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幻灯片 586．如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take…for granted等。
George made it clear that he opposed this project.
乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。
I took it for granted that you'd stay with us.
我想当然认为你会和我们待在一起。
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幻灯片 59三、同位语从句
1．同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief, advice, demand, information, message, order, promise, request, wish, word等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that，有时也用when, where 等关系词。
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幻灯片 60
The idea that you can do this task well without thinking is quite wrong.
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。
The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.
困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。
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幻灯片 612．同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；
定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。
The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense.
他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(定语从句)
No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.
没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。(同位语从句)
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幻灯片 62四、表语从句
1．表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。
That's why I have come.
那就是我为什么来了。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.
我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
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幻灯片 632．表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。
It looked as if it was/were going to rain.
好像要下雨了。
3．当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
他迟到的原因是他今天早晨差一分钟没赶上火车。
4．whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
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幻灯片 641. She promised ________ he had enough money she would marry him.
A. that B. if
C. that if D. if that
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幻灯片 662. He told me the news, believe it or not, ________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
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幻灯片 67----
幻灯片 683. Don't you know, my dear friend, ________ it is you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
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