幻灯片 1
五种基本句型
备注：
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幻灯片 2句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
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幻灯片 3 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋谓＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
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幻灯片 4 I like Beijing .
I really like Beijing.
I really like Beijing very much.
I really like this beautiful Beijing very much.
I really liked beautiful Beijing very much when I was young.
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幻灯片 5句子成分详解表
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幻灯片 6主语 (Subject)
是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
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幻灯片 71.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2.We often speak English in class.
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5.Smoking does harm to the health.
6.The rich should help the poor.
（名词）
（代词）
（数词）
（不定式）
（动名词）
（名词化的形容词）
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幻灯片 87.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.
（主语从句）
（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
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幻灯片 9本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
主语：
可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：
谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
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幻灯片 10哲学上说:
运动是绝对的
静止是相对的
造句的关键就在于动词
一般而言,每个句子都应该有个动词( 除了省略句外 )
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幻灯片 11 Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.
我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter.
他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour.
他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly
这支笔书写流利。
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幻灯片 12按结构分
一个完整的简单句由 “主语部分+谓语部分”构成
The man is a teacher.
主语部分 谓语部分
He works hard.
主语部分 谓语部分
He teaches English well.
主语部分 谓语部分
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幻灯片 13谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
The plane took off at ten o’clock.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：
We are students.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
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幻灯片 14to clean the room
1. 一般现在时：
We _________ the room every day.
We ____________ the room just now.
We ______________ the room now.
We ________ the room tomorrow.
clean
cleaned
are cleaning
2. 一般过去时：
3. 现在进行时：
4. 过去进行时：
will clean
We ________the room at 5:00 yesterday afternoon.
were cleaning
5. 一般将来时
6. 过去将来时：
He said he _____the room next.
would clean
7. 现在完成时：
We ____________ the room before he arrived.
have cleaned
had cleaned
We ____________ the room already.
8. 过去完成时：
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幻灯片 15表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：
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幻灯片 161.Our teacher of English is an American.
（名词）
2.Is it yours?（代词）
3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4.The speech is exciting.（分词）
5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
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幻灯片 176.His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）
8.The meeting is of great importance.
（介词短语）
9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
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幻灯片 18基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
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幻灯片 19Ｓ │ Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.
麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
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幻灯片 20动词
连系动词
主要动词
行为动词
助动词
辅助动词
情态动词
be (am is are was were) / seem / keep
是/好象(似乎)是/保持
look / feel / taste / smell / sound
看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)
become / turn / get / grow 变得
不及物动词 laugh / smlie / look / listen
及物动词 see / hear / drank / eat
be (am / is /are / was / were)
do / does / did
have / has / had
will / shall / be going to
can / may / must / shall / need
could / should / would / might
have (has) to / had better
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幻灯片 21连系动词
be (am is are was were) / seem / keep /…是/好象(似乎)是/保持
look / feel / taste / smell / sound / …看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)
become / turn / get / grow / …变得
表语:表示主语是什么(身份)或者怎么样(处于什么状态)。
由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。
和连系动词一起构成谓语,也就是说: 连系动词后面的就/才是表语!
He is a boy. She is a girl. They are students. They are good.
He looks / seems ill.
The apple tastes nice.
Trees turn green.
Your idea sounds good.
主语 连系动词 表语
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幻灯片 22连系动词
主系表结构（SVP） =
主语+连系动词+表语
Mr. Li is a good teacher.
The movie
is
interesting/wonderful.
He
feels
hungry.
The flower
looks
beautiful.
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幻灯片 231）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting.
3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He seems (to be) very sad.
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幻灯片 24
4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft.
5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： He became mad after that.
6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false.
His plan turned out a success.
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幻灯片 25
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幻灯片 26基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
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幻灯片 27下列动词只能接不定式做宾语
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.
下列动词只能接动名词做宾语
admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：
John has admitted breaking the window .
下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。
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幻灯片 28宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
3.How many dictionaries do you have?
I have five.
（名词）
（代词、 动名词）
（名词、数词）
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幻灯片 294.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
5.He pretended not to see me.
6.I enjoy listening to popular music.
7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.
（名词化形容词，名词）
（不定式短语）
（动名词短语）
（宾语从句）
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幻灯片 30主语Subject :
表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物” 。
也就是动作的发出者。
一般由名词、代词或相当于名词、代词的词或短语等充当。
谓语Predicate :
说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。
也就是做了什么行为动作或处于什么状态。
谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。
宾语Object :
表示动作、行为的对象。
也就是动作的接受者。
一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。
狗 咬 人 。
主语 谓语 宾语
人 咬 狗 。
主语 谓语 宾语
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幻灯片 31及物动词是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词: see / hear / drank / eat / …
I saw him last week.
We heard the bad news yesterday.
They eat bread every day.
He drank a glass of milk just now.
不及物动词是后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词: laugh / smile / look / listen / …
She smiled happily.
They laughed loudly.
如果要加宾语,就要靠一个介词来帮助:
She look at the blackboard carefully.
He listened to his teacher in class.
They laughed at us after the match.
什么是及物动词和不及物动词呢?!
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幻灯片 32The doctor listened carefully.
The worker
ran
fast.
The boy
is fishing.
The girl
dances
well.
The duck
is swimming.
The woman walks
slowly.
主谓结构（SV） =
主语+谓语动词
不及物动词
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幻灯片 33He
likes
basketball game.
He
plays
computer games
every day.
He
played
soccer
yesterday.
He
is playing
the guitar
now.
及物动词
主谓宾结构（SVO） =主语+谓语+宾语
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幻灯片 34有些词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，那就要看意思上的区别了：
他们放风筝。
They fly the kites.
风筝在天上飞。
The kites fly in the sky.
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幻灯片 35有些及物动词基本句型 四：
Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。
这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；
一个指物，为直接宾语。
间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为： 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
如：Give me a cup of tea , please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：
动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。
如：Bring it to me , please.
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幻灯片 36He gave me a present.
She teaches us.
She teaches English.
She teaches us English.
She told me a story.
及物动词
主谓双宾结构（S V Oi O d）
=主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
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幻灯片 37Ｓ │ Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
他给你带来了一本字典。
4. I │showed │him │my pictures.
我给他看我的照片
5. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
6. I │ told │him │that the bus was late.
我告诉他汽车晚点了。
7. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
他教我开机器。
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幻灯片 38可以用于这种句式的动词主要有
buy / build / catch / cut choose / cook / find /
get / keep / make / draw / do
He bought me a new bike.
也可以改为for sb. 的句式
He bought a new bike for me.
(B) give / take / send / bring / teach / show / tell / pay / write / read / sell / lend / pass / return / throw / offer / hand
She lent me a book.
也可以改为 to sb. 的句式 She lent a book to me.
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幻灯片 39宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：
Lend me your dictionary, please.
To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise,
show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，
例如：
He sent the novel to William yesterday.
For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw,
find, get, order, post, save等，例如：
She bought a gift for her mother.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：
They elected him their monitor.
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幻灯片 40英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
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幻灯片 41主谓宾宾补结构（SVOC）
=主语+谓语+宾语+宾语的补足语
He
told
me
to clean my room.
I
saw
her
dancing.
Our teacher
asks
us
to read English
every day.
及物动词
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幻灯片 42基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，
但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，
必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。
宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，
它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier. / 战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.
新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.
我经常发现他在工作.
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幻灯片 43名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.
/老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road. /我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted.
他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
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幻灯片 44
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幻灯片 451.His father named him Dongming.
2.They painted their boat white.
3.Let the fresh air in.
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5.We saw her entering the room.
6.We found everything in the lab in good order.
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.
（名词）
（形容词）
（副词）
（不定式短语）
（现在分词）
（介词短语）
（从句）
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幻灯片 465.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
（不定式短语）
6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
（动名词）
7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.
（介词短语）
8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.
(定语从句)
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幻灯片 47但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，
通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。
这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），
也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。
我们称之为：定语、状语
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幻灯片 48可以用于这种句式的动词主要有
let / make sb. do sth.
ask / tell / want / allow / wish / get /
sb. to do sth.
expect / encourage / invite / teach
find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel
sb. do sth.
sb. doing sth.
help sb. (to) do sth.
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幻灯片 49 hope和welcome 比较特殊－－我们可以说:
I hope to visit your school.
I hope that you can visit our school.
I wish you to visit our school.
Welcome to visit our school.
You are welcome to visit our school.
Welcome to our school.
但不可以说：I hope / welcome you to visit our school.
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幻灯片 50----
幻灯片 51修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：
1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.
（名词）
4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
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幻灯片 52一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
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幻灯片 53代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom\'s pen. 他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom. 他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there.
那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.
教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom. 穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.
有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen. 男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen. 这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.
这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
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幻灯片 54副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom. 将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today. /今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China. /她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left. /有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
那个在阅读的 男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom. /你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game.
/参加游戏的男孩有五个。
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幻灯片 55修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：
1.Light travels most quickly.
2.He has lived in the city for ten years.
3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
（副词及副词性词组）
（介词短语）
（不定式短语）
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幻灯片 564.He is in the room making a model plane.
5.Wait a minute.
6.Once you begin, you must continue.
（分词短语）
（名词）
（状语从句）
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幻灯片 57二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
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幻灯片 58有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，
如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.
/男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen. /男孩真的需要一支钢笔。
（程度状语）
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幻灯片 59The boy needs a pen now. /Now,the boy needs a pen.
/The boy,now,needs a pen. /男孩现在需要一支钢笔。
（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.
在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.
在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子. (条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.
星期天,教室里没有学生. (时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen.
他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.
/因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.
（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
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幻灯片 60不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句
、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
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幻灯片 611. How about meeting again at six?
2.Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
3.I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.
5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
（时间状语）
（原因状语）
（条件状语）
（地点状语）
（方式状语）
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幻灯片 62 She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
8.She works very hard though she is old.
9.I am taller than he is.
（伴随状语）
（目的状语）
（结果状语）
（让步状语）
（比较状语）
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幻灯片 63（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：
This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.
（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：
To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.
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幻灯片 64三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard.
/ (students是we的同位语，
都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students.
/ (all是we的同位语，都指同样的
‘ 我们’）
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幻灯片 65四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词yes
否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
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幻灯片 66五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构
例：
错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句
(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
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幻灯片 67如：
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do , he fell asleep soon.
/无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in , with glasses on his nose.
/老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
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幻灯片 68[1] 主系表型
She is a very good girl .
(__语) (__词) (___语)
The girl is very good.
(__语) (__词) (___语)
[
原来也蛮简单的哦!我来分析一下这些句子中所包含的成分
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幻灯片 69[1] 主系表型
She is a very good girl .
(主语) (连系动词) (表语)
The girl is very good.
(主语) (连系动词) (表语)
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幻灯片 70[2] 主谓型
<1>主谓式: They ‖ laughed.
The kites ‖ fly in the sky.
(主语) (谓语动词)
<2>主谓宾式: I ‖ bought a new bike.
He ‖ plays volleyball.
(主语) (谓语动词) (宾语)
<3>主谓宾宾式:
She ‖ told me a story.
He ‖ gave me a good book.
(主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语)
<4>主谓宾宾补式
He ‖ asked me to help him.
He ‖ made me happy.
(主语) (谓语动词) (宾语) (宾语补足语)
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幻灯片 712] 主谓型
<1>______式: They ‖ laughed.
The kites ‖ fly in the sky.
<2>____式: I ‖ bought a new bike.
He ‖ plays volleyball.
<3>_____式: She ‖ told me a story.
He ‖ gave me a good book.
<4>_____式 He ‖ asked me to help him.
He ‖ made me happy.
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幻灯片 72The boy is asleep.
The boy is sleeping.
主谓宾
主谓
The boy is playing the guitar.
His music is very beautiful.
It is beautiful music.
主系表
He is playing happily.
判断这些句子的类型并
理解be动词的双重身份
（连系动词／助动词）
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幻灯片 73（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
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幻灯片 746. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
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幻灯片 7514. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
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幻灯片 76指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：
On the left of my house is an old church.
Why could the boiling point of water be
lower at the top of a mountain?
3. I am not going to work today.
4. This thing is for peeling potatoes.
5.What time will you arrive?
6.The Genie promised that if anyone should
come and set him free, he would make him
very rich.
7. What nationality are you?
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幻灯片 778. I couldn’t understand why he had
decided to retire at 50.
9. I am terribly confused by all this information.
10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.
11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.
12. I’ll be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.
13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.
14. It is obvious that money doesn’t grow on trees.
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幻灯片 78(二)。划分句子成分
1.we are working .
2.I can swim very well .
3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .
4.Why does the wind blow .
5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .
6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .
7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .
8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .
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幻灯片 799.I have a lot of clothes to wash .
I have a lot of clothes to be washed .
10.He gave his son some advice on reading .
11.Read me the first paragraph .
12.I’ve ordered some soup for you .
13.He began leaning English ten years ago .
14.My being late worried my teacher .
15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .
16.April’ Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .
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幻灯片 8017.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .
18.I found the book in the corner of the room.
19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .
20.The telephone rang .
21.We study hard .
22.His father might have died .
23.Will you leave the door open when going out .
24.Can you make the dog stand still ?
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幻灯片 8125.The landlord had them working day and night .
26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .
27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .
28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .
29.The book weighs five kilos .
30.They will be flying to London .
31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .
32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.
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幻灯片 8233.Please pass a newly- published to me .
34.He lived in Guang Zhou .
35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees .
36.His uncle left him some money .
37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .
38.I like popular music .
39.She knows what to do next .
40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .
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幻灯片 83----
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