B3名词与冠词 考 纲 解 读 1.名词前不定冠词a,an的选用。 2.不用冠词,即零冠词的特殊情况。 3.对冠词与主谓一致的考查。 4.定冠词与形容词、分词连用表示一个类别。 5.冠词与姓氏的连用。 6.有无冠词的意义及区别。 7.冠词与such, so, how, what等词连用时的位置关系。 8.名词的数、格和专有名词的含义及用法。 9.常见近义、同义词的辨析。 10.名词和其它词性构成的习语和固定搭配。 考 情 解 读 考点 题量 年份 泛指/类指 特指/专指 习语 冠词的活用  2008 8 7 5 0  2009 8 4 3 4  2010 7 2 6 1  2011 6 3 3 3  2012 6 6 1 4   考点 题量 分布 词义辨析 习惯搭配  2008 8 3  2009 8 2  2010 7 1  2011 7 6  2012 10 5   趋 势 解 读 1.近五年高考重点考查冠词的基本用法,对冠词表泛指、特指的考查占对冠词考查题总量的73%。2013年高考将继续把冠词表泛指或特指的用法作为考查重点,而冠词的活用,如序数词前加不定冠词或定冠词等用法,仍会成为2013年高考考查的难点。 2.对名词的考查试题立意是词义辨析和语义识破,占对名词专题考查总量的76%;设问角度细微化;题干句的结构复杂化、综合化随着“淡化语法、注重应用”理念的被认同,未来对词义辨析测试题目必呈上升之势,2013年自然不能例外。   —What do you think the ________should do first? —They should learn to take ________as well as share rights in life. A.grown-up;responsibility B.growns-up;responsibility C.grown-ups;responsibilities D.growns-ups;responsibilities 易误选B    有些考生以为grown是复合名词的中心词,其复数形式应该在grown后面加-s;另一方面认为responsibility是不可数名词,没有复数形式,从而错选B。其实,grown-up没有中心名词,其复数形式应该在up后面加-s;同时根据语境可知,此处responsibility指义务,该单词作“义务,职责”讲时,可作可数名词或不可数名词,故答案为C。   —Where does your sister work, Jack? —She works in a ________. A.shop of cloth B.cloth's shop C.shop with clothes D.clothes shop 易误选B    有些考生会因为对名词作定语的用法运用不当而错选B。其实,clothes“服装”只有复数形式,而单数形式“布店”应用shop for cloth或cloth shop,因此,根据语境可知,正确答案为D。   —________cold wind will pass here tomorrow, do you know? —Yes. I heard ________news just now on TV. A.不填;不填 B.A; the C.不填;the D.A;不填 易误选A    有些考生认为,这两个空后面都是不可数名词,都不填冠词,于是错选A。其实,当wind前面有形容词修饰,指“一股……风”时,前面须用不定冠词;而后一空特指“一股冷风将要经过这里”的新闻,须用定冠词,故正确答案为B。   Experts think that ________recently discovered painting may be ________Picasso. A.the;不填 B.a;the C.a;不填 D.the; a 易误选A、C    有些考生可能以为第二个空后面的名词是人名,其前面不用冠词,于是错选A或C。然而联系语境可知,第二空表示“一幅毕加索的画”,故要用不定冠词a;第一空表示“那幅最近发现的画”,表示特指,用定冠词the。因此答案为D。   —Do you know ________English for“兔子”? —I'm afraid I don't. I'm not interested in ________English language. A.the; the B.the;不填 C.不填;the D.不填;不填 易误选D    本题考生容易误选D,误认为表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词。第一空是特指“兔子”的英语表达,故要用定冠词the;而第二空后的English后有language,表示特指,故用定冠词。正确答案为A。     基 础 盘 点 1.冠词泛指、特指及类别表示; 2.冠词活用; 3.名词的数、格及名词功能; 4.名词辨析及习惯搭配。 热 门 考 点 1.类别表示和专有名词;2.冠词的一般用法;3.名词的数与格;4.抽象名词具体化、专有名词类别化、再具体化与冠词活用;5.常见名词辨析和习惯搭配;6.名词作定语。 关 注 节 点 3“热” 1“难”:4  热点3·1 (全国卷)______tiger in the world is in ______danger of extinction. A.A;the B.The; the C.The;/ D.The;a 答案 C [the tiger表类别,in danger of固定习惯用法。] (2012·四川卷)We are said to be living in ________Information Age, ________time of new discoveries and great changes. A.an; the B./;the C./;a D.the; a 答案 D [the Information Age专有名词与后面a time of...构成同位语关系。]  ①(2011·陕西卷)As is known to all, ________People's Republic of China is ______ biggest developing country in the world. A.the;/ B.the;the C./;the D./;/ 答案 B [句意:众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。第一空考查专有名词前的冠词问题,设空后的专有名词是含普通名词的专有名词,故与定冠词连用;第二空后的名词前有形容词最高级,表示“最大的”,故用定冠词。] ②(2011·江西九校联考)The most important thing about cotton in history is ______part that it played in ______Industrial Revolution. A./;/ B.the;/ C.the;the D.a;the 答案 C [句意:历史上关于棉花最重要的事是它在工业革命中起的作用。第一空:根据part后的定语从句可知此处为特指,所以用the;第二空:Industrial Revolution是由普通名词构成的专有名词,也要用定冠词。] ③(2012·东北三校一模)Wang Hao and Chu Yafei led China to ________gold and silver finish in________20-kilometer walk, the first athletic event at the Asian Games. A.a; the B.the; a C./;a D./;the 答案 A [句意:王浩和褚亚飞在20公里竞走中分别为中国夺得了一枚金牌和一枚银牌,这是亚运会的第一个比赛项目。finish作“比赛结果”讲,为可数名词,在本句中表示泛指,故第一空用不定冠词;walk(竞走项目)在本句中表特指,特指在那届亚运会中的那场竞走项目,故第二空用the。] ④(2011·东北四市联考)________2010 Shanghai World Expo was ________honor for all of the Asians. A.The; the B./;a C.The; an D./;the 答案 C [句意:2010上海世博会是全亚洲人的一种殊荣。第一空后是由普通名词构成的专有名词,故前面加定冠词;第二空:honor前加不定冠词表“一种殊荣”,honor的发音以元音音素开头,故用an。] ⑤(2012·江西卷)The Smiths don't usually like staying at ______hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ______sea. A./;a B.the; the C./;the D.the; a 答案 C [句意:史密斯一家通常不喜欢呆在旅馆里,但是去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆呆了好几天。表泛指时复数名词前不加冠词,故用stay at hotels;by the sea在海边,是固定搭配,而by sea指“乘船”或“由海路”。] ⑥(2012·安徽卷)Carl is studying ______food science at college and hopes to open up ______meat processing factory of his own one day. A./;a B./;the C.the;a D.the; the 答案 A [卡尔正在大学学习食品科学,并希望有一天能够开办一家他自己的肉类加工厂。第一个空后的中心词science为表示抽象概念的名词,其前不用冠词。第一个空后若为science of food,则为特指,其前用定冠词the。第二个空后中心词为factory,为可数名词,根据句意可知此处表示泛指,使用不定冠词。故选A。],  类别表示法 1.n.[C] 表示每个个体都具有该类别的性质或特征,①、②两种常用 useful in the countryside. ※马整个类别在农村有用而且每一匹马在农村也都有用。 2.n.[C]the n.(sing.) 表示并非每个个体都具有该类别的性质或特征。 The question may seem difficult to the student while easy to the teacher. 对这个问题,整体而言,教师感觉易而学生感觉难。(但并非每个教师都感觉易和每个学生都感觉难。) 3.n.[U]零冠词n.[U] Water is badly in need. Success is what everyone longs for. 专有名词 1.单一名词、零冠词 如:China 2.  热点3·2 (2012·新课标全国卷)Sarah looked at ________finished painting with ________satisfaction. A./;a B.a;the C.the;/ D.the;a 答案 C [第一处为特指,而第二处satisfaction为泛指抽象名词,零冠词。]  Ⅰ.冠词填空 ①I earn 10 dollars ________hour as ________supermarket cashier on Saturdays. ②The teacher asked us to write ________800-word-long composition. ③There's ________dictionary on ________desk by your side. ④I know ________John Lennon, but not ________one you know. ⑤They are twins, so they are of ________age. ⑥He has ________fine collection of paintings. ⑦Their affair is ________public knowledge. ⑧You need ________specialized knowledge to do this job. ⑨I don't want to have words with you. I prefer to have ________word with you. ⑩________W(w)ord came that the president would inspect them. ?The power supply was cut off. All of ________sudden, the lights went out. ?China has ________rather larger population than Canada. ?I will be back in two hours. After all, what you have just mentioned is not ______ matter of life and death. ?The diet is measured in ________calories, while the food is sold by ________pound. ?The cost of this product is calculated by ________weight. ?Many people are still in ________habit of writing silly things in ________public places. ?He was hit by a falling tree and killed on ________spot. ?He likes to talk on the phone while I prefer writing ________letters. ?Water is changed into ________steam by heat and into ________ice by cold.,  不定冠词 1.表示one, the same, a certain或every的意思。 They are of an age.(=the same)他们年龄相同。 2.有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection, understanding等是由其动词转化而来的,它们后面加of...时,前面需用不定冠词a/an。 3.与不定冠词连用的习语 have a cold;have a good/happy time; have a gift for; have a word with; in a hurry; once in a while; at a loss; for a while; once upon a time; all of a sudden; with a score of; at a distance(在远处);have a population of; a waste of; a matter of; have/take a rest; have a holiday; get a lift/ride;go on a diet等。 ※a/an ?________W(w)ater in the well is sweet. His daughter is always shy in ________public and she never dares to make a speech to ________public. The little girl is very happy, ________flower on________head. He turned ________politician many years ago. 答案 ①an;a ②an ③a;the ④a;the ⑤an ⑥a ⑦不填 ⑧不填 ⑨a ⑩不填 ?a ?a ?a ?不填;the ?不填 ?the;不填 ?the ?不填 ?不填;不填 ?The 不填;the 不填;不填 不填 Ⅱ.翻译句子 ①Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world. ___________________________________________________________________ ②Diligent student as he was, he didn't pass the exam. ___________________________________________________________________ 答案 ①他虽然年轻,却已见过许多世面。 ②他虽然学习勤奋,但是没有通过考试。 Ⅲ.单项填空 ①(2012·全国Ⅱ卷)He missed ________gold in the high jump, but will get ________second chance in the long jump. A.the;the B./;a C.the;a D.a;/ 答案 C [句意:他没得到跳高的金牌,但是在跳远项目上还有一次机会。考查冠词。gold当金质奖牌讲时是可数名词,在本句中表特指,故第一空用定冠词,排除B、D两项;第二空考查冠词的活用,“a/an+序数词”表示:又一,再一,“the+序数词”表示顺序,本题第二空并不表示顺序,而表示“又一,再一”之意,故答案为C项。] ②(2012·山东卷)Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________comfort in those tough times. A.the; the B.a; a C.a;/ D./;a 答案 B [句意:在困难时期能够买得起一份饮品将会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。考查冠词的用法。a drink泛指一份饮品,a comfort是抽象名词具体化,指一件令人感到欣慰的事,故选B。] ③(2012·浙江卷)The development of industry has been ________gradual process throughout ________human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. A./; the B.the; a C.a;/ D.a;a 答案 C [句意:在整个人类历史上,从石器时代到现代科技时代,工业的发展是一个渐进的过程。考查冠词的用法。两个空格处所限定的名词均是抽象名词,但是第一空是抽象名词具体化的用法,而第二空后human existence是抽象概念,故第一空用不定冠词,第二空用零冠词。] ④(2012·重庆卷)Sam has been appointed ________manager of the engineering department to take ______place of George. A./;/ B.the;/ C.the; the D./;the 答案 D [句意:Sam已被任命为工程部的经理,以取代George。考查冠词的基本用法及习惯用法。第一空后为表示职务的名词,故用零冠词;take the place of...为固定动词短语,意为“取代”,所以选D项。] ⑤(2011·新课标全国卷)It is generally accepted that ________boy must learn to stand up and fight like ________man. A.a;a B.a;the C.the; the D.a;/ 答案 A [句意:人们普遍认为,男孩必须学会经得起考验并像男子汉一样去战斗。boy和man均为可数名词单数,在本句中都是表泛指,前面应该用不定冠词,故答案为A项。] ⑥(2011·全国Ⅱ卷)As he reached ________front door, Jack saw ________strange sight. A.the; / B.a; the C./;a D.the; a 答案 D [句意:杰克到前门时,他看到一个奇怪的景象。第一空处是特指前门,用定冠词;第二空后的sight在此是单数可数名词,意为“景象,情景”,表泛指,应用不定冠词,故选D。] ⑦(2011·山东卷)Take your time—it's just ________short distance from here to ________restaurant. A./;the B.a;the C.the;a D./;a 答案 B [句意:别着急——从这里到餐馆只有很短的一段距离。第一空处用不定冠词a,泛指一段距离;restaurant在此处是特指,所以第二空用定冠词。] ⑧(2011·江西卷)—It's said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 ________year. —Right, he will also get paid by ________week. A.the; the B.a; the C.the; a D.a; a 答案 B [句意:——据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。——是的,他的工资将按周支付。本题考查冠词的用法。year为单数名词,与不定冠词连用意为:every year。而第二个空考查搭配,“by+the+表单位的名词”意为:论/按……,故答案为B项。] ⑨(2011·重庆卷)In communication, a smile is usually ________strong sign of a friendly and ________open attitude. A.the;/ B.a; an C.a;/ D.the; an 答案 C [句意:在交流中,微笑总是强烈标志着友好和开放的态度。第一空后的sign为可数名词单数形式,在本句中表泛指,故用不定冠词;第二空前的并列连词and连接friendly和open,修饰attitude, friendly前已经有了不定冠词,故第二空不需要再加冠词。综上所述,答案为C项。] ⑩(2010·山东卷)If we sit near ________front of the bus, we'll have ________better view. A./;the B./;a C.the; a D.the; the 答案 C [句意:如果我们坐在公共汽车前部,视野就会更好些。the front of表示某物体内部的前面;比较级前加不定冠词表示“一个更……的”。所以选C。] ?(2010·北京卷)First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ________second chance to make ________first impression. A.a;the B.the; the C.a;a D.the;a 答案 C [句意:第一印象最持久。毕竟,你不会再有机会去形成第一印象。第一空后有second,在此表示“再一次”,而不是表顺序,应用不定冠词;第二空后的first impression是泛指,也不是表示顺序,又根据题干可以判断impression在此处是可数名词,可数名词单数表泛指时需用不定冠词,故选择C项。] ?(2010·浙江卷)Many lifestyle patterns do such ________great harm to health that they actually speed up ________weakening of the human body. A.a;/ B./;the C.a;the D./;/ 答案 B [句意:很多生活方式对身体健康是很有害的,实际上它们能加快体质变弱。do harm to...为固定短语,意为“对……有害”;第二空为特指的用法,即特指体质变弱,故用定冠词the。],定冠词 1.定冠词的使用情况 用 法 举 例  用在姓氏复数前,表一家人 The Greens are at table. 格林一家在吃饭。  用于年代、朝代名词及逢十的数词(表某个年代)前 the Tang Dynasty唐朝 the Spring and Autumn Period 春秋时期 in the 1990's在20世纪90年代  用在表度量单位的名词前,表示“每一” I have hired the car by the hour. 我已按小时租了这辆车。 Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋论“打”卖。  用于“动词+sb+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中 take sb by the arm抓某人的胳膊 hit sb in the face打某人的脸  此外,在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等结构中,名词前也要用the。 2.使用定冠词的固定搭配 make the most/best of(充分利用);in the daytime; in the end; in the habit of; not in the least(=not at all);in the distance; in the way(挡路);on the whole(总之);on the right/left; on(the)one hand...,on the other hand; at the same time; at the moment; go to the cinema/theatre; go to the doctor's; the other day(=a few days ago);for the time being(暂时);on the radio/phone(通过无线电/电话);on the spot; to tell(you)the truth; by the way; to the public等。 ※the 零冠词的用法 1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。 Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble. 父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。 2.请牢记以下用零冠词的口诀: 月、季、星期、节假、洲、呼语、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、惯用语,学科、棋类名词前。但这种用法是相对而言的,在不同的句子中,可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此,用哪种冠词要视情况而定。 The organization was founded in the spring of(the year)2010. 3.系动词go,turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语,用零冠词。 Has he turned scientist?他成为科学家了吗? He will go fool soon.很快他就会变傻。 4.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“虽然/尽管……,但是……”。 Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 虽然他是英雄,但他也有缺点。 5.在独立主格结构的某一形式中。 The teacher came in, book in hand(=with a book in his hand/holding a book in his hand/a book held in his hand). 老师进来了,手里拿着一本书。 6.用在某些固定短语中。 pen and ink(笔墨);master and servant(主仆);at noon/dawn/daybreak/dusk/night/ midnight; on second thoughts; come to light; come to power(=take office);give birth to; in case of; come/rank first; out of work/order/control/date/patience/mind/ money/question/reach/breath/danger; in use/danger/public;ahead of time; in debt; under repair; day and night; husband and wife; father and son; sun and moon; side by side; shoulder to shoulder; from morning till night; hand in hand; by weight; by mistake; in place of; by law; on board; at war; every few days; catch fire; face to face; for certain等。 结 构 含 义 举 例  the+比较级 两者中较……的 the taller one of the two brothers 两兄弟中较高的那一个  a+比较级 一个更……的 This story is not very interesting. I'll tell you a more interesting one.这个故事不大有趣,我会给你讲一个更有趣的故事。  a most=a very 无比较范围,无比较含义 He is a most hard-working student.他是一个非常用功的学生。  the most+原级 有比较范围,表最高级 He is the most hard-working student in our class. 他是我们班最用功的学生。  the+序数词 表示排序 This is the second one.这是第二个。  a/an+序数词 不表排序,意为:又一,再一 Can you give me a second chance?(=another) 你能再给我一次机会吗?   热点3·3 (2009·江西卷)The ________shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into ________car. A.girl's; Tom's B.girls'; Toms' C.girls'; Tom's D.girl's; Toms' 答案 C [考查所有格,根据后面的them和they知道girl应为复数,故选C。]  Ⅰ.单项填空 ①—I wonder whose bicycle it is. —It might be my ________. A.neighbor's B.dear neighbor C.neighbor D.neighbors 答案 A [考查所有格。一般名词的所有格在名词词尾加's。] ②Uncle Jack is ________. A.my father and mother's friend B.my father's and my mother's friend C.a friend of me D.a friend of my mother's and father's 答案 A [考查所有格。句意:杰克叔叔是我爸爸和妈妈的朋友。如果一个事物为两个人共有,则只在最后一个名词后加's。] ③Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at ________. A.Turners B.the Turners C.Turners' D.the Turners' 答案 D [考查名词的所有格。] ④________ is not a long way to walk. A.Three miles' distance B.Three miles distance C.Three-mile-distance D.Three-miles distance 答案 A [考查名词的所有格。表示度量衡时,人们习惯在这些名词后加's,故选A。] Ⅱ.用词的适当形式填空 ①He gained his ________(wealth)by printing ________(work)of famous writers. ②________(leaf)turn green in spring. 答案 ①wealth;works ②Leaves,  名词的数 1.合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的名词中心词变为复数;如果没有名词中心词,则将最后一个词变为复数。如:sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;story-tellers讲故事的人;breakfasts早餐;housewives家庭主妇。 2.有些名词单复数同形,如:deer鹿;series系列;means方式;works工厂;fish鱼;fruit水果;crossroads十字路口;horsepower马力。其中fish,fruit表示不同种类时,可加复数词尾,即 fishes, fruits。 名词的格 1.在名词词尾加's——主要表示:①所属关系;②类别/类属;③动作发出者或来源。 在此类名词的复数形式中,以下情况应特别注意: ①复合名词所有格在复合名词词尾加's。例如:her son-in-law's photo。 ②如果一个事物为两个人共有,则只在最后一个名词后加's;如果是分别所有,两个名词后都要加's。例如:Tom and Mary's father(共有);Tom's and Mary's fathers(分别所有)。 ③在表示“某人家”或者“店铺”的名词所有格时,后面一般省略它所修饰的名词。例如:at my uncle's(在我叔叔家);at the tailor's(在裁缝店)。 2.表示天体、国家、地区、时间等的可用“'s”。如China's economy表示度量衡时,人们习惯在这些名词后加's,也可用“of”如:a distance of a mile;three hours' walk(三小时的散步);a mile's distance一英里的距离。 3.表示逻辑动宾关系一般用“of”,the education of children 4.注意名词双重所有格的表达形式。如:a novel of Lu Xun's鲁迅小说中的一篇;a friend of my father's我父亲的朋友中的一个。 ※双重所有格A of B's 应注意同时满足以下三个条件方可成立 A为非限定性;②B为限定性;③B为有生命的 a novel of Lu Xun's。  热点3·4 (2011·浙江卷)Experts think that ________recently discovered painting may be ________Picasso. A.the;/ B.a; the C.a;/ D.the;a 答案 D [第一空特指,第二空泛指毕加索的作品。] (2010·福建卷)It's ________good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________pleasure. A./;a B.a;/ C.the; a D.a;the 答案 B [feeling此处有good修饰而具体化,pleasure依然泛指。]  ①(2012·辽宁卷)I woke up with ________bad headache, yet by ________evening the pain had gone. A.the; the B.the; an C.a;the D.a;an 答案 C [句意:我醒来时头很痛,但到了晚上头痛就已经消失了。考查冠词的基本用法。设空后的名词均为可数名词,第一空表示泛指,加a;第二空表示特指,加the。],  1.抽象名词和物质名词具体化时,被具体化的名词可能会与a/an连用。 a heavy rain一场大雨 a tea一份茶 2.表示世界上独一无二的事物或一日三餐、月份等的名词,如果有修饰成分表示具体概念,也可加a/an。如:a full moon一轮满月, an unforgetable lunch一次难忘的午饭。 3.西洋乐器名词前往往用定冠词,但是当此类名词用作普通名词时,可以与不定冠词连用。此外,中国乐器名词前不用冠词。 play the piano; play the violin; play erhu(二胡) He is playing a borrowed violin. 他正在拉一把借来的小提琴。 ②(2010·江苏卷)The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that ________people from all walks of life are working hard for ________new Jiangsu. A./;a B./;the C.the;a D.the;the 答案 A [句意:来江苏的游客都对此印象颇深——为了一个崭新的江苏,来自各行各业的人都在努力工作着。people为复数名词,此处为泛指的用法,故第一空用零冠词;像Jiangsu,London等这样的地名前一般不用冠词,但是如果前有形容词修饰时,前面要用不定冠词。故答案为A项。] ③(2010·四川卷)In ________most countries, a university degree can give you ________flying start in life. A.the;a B.the;/ C./;/ D./;a 答案 D [句意:在大多数国家,一张大学文凭能够赋予你人生中一个良好的开端。most countries为泛指,前面用零冠词;start在此处是可数名词,也是泛指,前面需用不定冠词。a flying start一个很好的开端,良好的起步。] ④(2010·重庆卷)Everything comes with ________price; there is no such ________thing as a free lunch in the world. A.a;a B.the;/ C.the;a D.a;/ 答案 D [句意:一切都是有代价的,天下没有“免费的午餐”。第二空用“no such+单数名词”,在此结构中,因no本身等于not a(an)/any,故单数名词前需用零冠词,排除A、C两项;第一空后的price为单数名词,在本句中表泛指,故用不定冠词。] ⑤(2009·江西卷)Some people fear that ________air pollution may bring about changes in ________weather around the world. A./;the B.the;/ C.an;the D.the;a 答案 A [句意:一些人害怕空气污染可能会引起世界气候的变化。第一空后的air pollution为抽象名词,表示泛指概念,故用零冠词;第二空后的weather也是抽象名词,在这里特指全球的气候,被around the world修饰。] ⑥(2009·安徽卷)We can never expect ________bluer sky unless we create ________less polluted world. A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;the 答案 A [句意:如果我们不能创造一个污染更少的世界,就永远不要期待有一片更蓝的天空。世界上独一无二的名词甚至一些抽象名词之前如果有形容词修饰,也可加不定冠词。如:a red sun一轮红日;a wonderful world一个美好的世界。] ⑦(2009·辽宁卷)This area experienced ________heaviest rainfall in ________month of May. A./;a B.a;the C.the;the D.the;a 答案 C [句意:这个地区在5月份经历了最大的降雨量。形容词最高级前需用定冠词;the month of May=May,是特指,需用定冠词。] ⑧(2009·四川卷)In order to find ________better job, he decided to study ________second foreign language. A.the;a B.a;a C.the;the D.a;the 答案 B [句意:为了找到一个更好的工作,他决定再学习一门外语。“不定冠词+形容词比较级(+名词)”“一个更……的”,而“定冠词+形容词比较级(+名词)”表示“两者中较……的”;“不定冠词”+序数词(+名词)表示,表示“又一,再一”,而“定冠词+序数词(+名词)”表示排序。根据句意及上述用法,本题应该选B项。] ⑨(2008·山东卷)Students should be encouraged to use ________Internet as ________resource. A./;a B./;the C.the;the D.the;a 答案 D [句意:应该鼓励学生把因特网作为一种资源来使用。第一空the Internet为固定搭配;第二空用不定冠词表泛指,意为“一种资源”,所以选D项。] ⑩(2008·江西卷)—I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. —It is not your fault. With ________rush-hour traffic and ________heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. A.a;a B.the; the C./;/ D./;a 答案 B [句意:——真的很抱歉,我开会迟到了。——这不是你的错。在这样的交通高峰期,又下着如此大的雨,你迟到也不足为奇。“交通高峰期”和“如此大的雨”都是特指的两件事,都需用定冠词the,故选B。],4.专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂 有一些地名,如果是以纯专有名词开头的,一般不用冠词,但如果是以普通名词开头的,一般用定冠词。如:Beijing University北京大学,但也可说the University of Beijing。 ※以mount,lake等开头的专有名词用零冠词,如Mount Tai泰山 (专有名词见本专题热点1讲析) 5.一些专有名词→类别化→再具体化是近年高考冠词考查的核心点。 如:Shanghai→代指发达、繁荣的地方  (专用名词)     (类别) →某一个发达繁华之地(个体) They spare no effort to build a new Shanghai in the western area. 他们拼命要在西部地区建设出一个新上海。 6.牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词,它们是:weather,fun,space(太空),advice, word(=news),progress, information, news,以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。 Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space. 除了星星,宇航员只看见太空,看不到别的东西。  热点3·5 (2012·湖北卷)The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct ________in applying for a visa. A.pattern B.procedure C.program D.perspective 答案 B [procedure步骤是申请visa过程的程序,考查词义辨析。]  ①(2012·福建卷)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? —Well, you know, English is my ________.So it is my best choice. A.strength B.talent C.ability D.skill 答案 A [strength意为“长处,强项,力气”;talent意为“天赋”;ability意为“能力”;skill意为“技能”。句意:——你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作?——哦,你知道,英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。] ②(2012·江苏卷)—Can I help you with it? —I appreciate your ________, but I can manage it myself. A.advice B.question C.offer D.idea 答案 C [advice意为“建议”;question意为“问题”;offer意为“提供,提议”;idea意为“想法,主意”。根据语境看出“我可以帮忙吗?”是对方主动的提议,所以选C项。] ③(2012·江西卷)You'd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future ________. A.purpose B.reference C.progress D.memory 答案 B [句意:你最好写下那个餐馆的电话号码,以供日后参考。for future reference是一个常用词组,意为“以供日后参考”。] ④(2012·山东卷)My first ________ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. A.expression B.attention C.satisfaction D.impression 答案 D [expression“表达,表情”;attention“注意力,关心”;satisfaction“满意,满足”;impression“印象,感想”。句意:他给我的第一印象是他是一个善良体贴的年轻人。故D项正确。] ⑤(2012·四川卷)He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It's just a matter of ________. A.luck B.value C.time D.fact 答案 C [句意:他迟早会明白你的努力的,这只是时间问题。a matter of time“时间问题”,符合句意。] ⑥(2012·浙江卷)Your ________as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. A.operation B.growth C.performance D.character 答案 C [句意:如果你养成思考如何学习的习惯,作为学生,你的表现将会是优秀的。operation“操作,运转,经营”;growth“成长”;performance“表现,行为,成就”;character“性格,特征”。] ⑦(2012·全国Ⅱ卷)The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ________in this city. A.quantity B.progress C.production D.demand 答案 D [quantity“数量”;progress“进步,发展”;production“生产”;demand“需求”,词组in great demand表示“需求量很大”。句意:《哈利·波特》系列小说非常流行;它们在这个城市需求量很大。故选D项。] ⑧(2011·江苏卷)Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ________. A.consequence B.independence C.competence D.intelligence 答案 C [句意:为了保持专业能力,老师们需要不断更新知识。consequence“结果,后果”;independence“独自,自主”;competence“能力,技能”;intelligence“智力,智慧”。] ⑨(2011·山东卷)There's a ________in our office that when it's somebody's birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share. A.tradition B.balance C.concern D.relationship 答案 A [tradition“传统,惯例”;balance“天平,平衡”;concern“关心,挂念”;relationship“关系”。句意:在我们办公室里有一个传统,有人过生日,他们就会拿蛋糕与众人分享。根据句意A项正确。] ⑩(2011·浙江卷)Anyway, I can't cheat him—it's against all my ________. A.emotions B.principles C.regulations D.opinions 答案 B [emotion“情感”;principle“原理,原则”; regulation“管理,规则”;opinion“观点,看法”。句意:无论如何,我不能欺骗他,那违背了我的处事原则。故选B项。] ?(2011·福建卷)The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major ________of global climate change. A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection 答案 B [result“结果”;cause“原因,理由”,常与介词of搭配,表示“……的原因”;warning“警告,警报,先兆”;reflection“反应,反射”。由空前的“缺少生态环保的习惯”与空后的of global climate change可推知,此处应用cause表示“全球气候变化的原因”。句意:公众缺少生态环保的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的一个主要原因。] ?(2011·四川卷)Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children's ________. A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance 答案 C [out of one's reach或beyond one's reach“在某人够不着的地方或力所不能及的范围”。句意:记住,要将诸如小刀之类的危险物品放在小孩够不到的地方。] ?(2011·湖北卷)“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with ________clearly in her voice. A.anger B.rudeness C.regret D.panic 答案 D [anger“生气,愤怒”;rudeness“粗鲁,无礼”;regret“后悔,遗憾”;panic“惊慌,惊恐”。句意:“汤米,快跑,房子着火了!”母亲大声喊着,声音中透着明显的惊慌。根据句意,D项正确。] ?(2010·安徽卷)I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond ________. A.hearing B.strength C.recognition D.measure 答案 C [beyond表示范围、限度的超出,beyond recognition意为“完全改了模样,面目全非”,符合题意。hearing“听力,听觉”;strength“力量,力气”;measure“量度,措施”。],  1.针对名词的命题特点考生须特别注意记忆以下长、难单词:accent, account, aspect, attitude, attempt, atmosphere, advantage, average, admission, ambition, anniversary, appointment, anxiety, appetite, brochure, campaign, conclusion, contrast, challenge, consequence, direction, evidence, emergency, effect, effort, function, feature, insurance, intelligence, identity, impression, occasion, occupation, summary, sympathy, standard, souvenir, significance, schedule, principle, phenomenon, potential, a series of, a range of, welfare, a variety of等。 另外还要注意拼写相近、相似的名词如instrument与instruction;incident与accident; process与progress; reward与award; relief与belief; sign与signal等。 多义词如company公司;陪同,陪伴;sense感觉,意识;意义;exercise练习,习题;锻炼;character性格;人物;汉字;practice实践;例行做法,惯例;experience经验;经历等。 词组搭配如find fault with...,make sense, make a difference等。归类整理并强化记忆这些词汇会大有裨益的。 2.名词考查点主要表现为名词在具体语境中的词义辨析。近几年考查由侧重考查“形”(单复数形式的变化)转变为注重考查“义”(名词的意思)。我们编了一组顺口溜(常考名词),方便考生记忆。口诀如下: 调查、思想、名声;吵架、方式、旅行; 职业、力气、伤人;原因、错误、风景。 (1)表“调查”的名词有:inquiry, investigation, research, survey。inquiry为普通用词,多指正式调查或一般的打听、查询;investigation指系统的调查或通过调查发现、知道某事;research指科学工作者为揭示自然规律或获取某领域的新知识而进行的长时间的调查研究;survey多指为书写书面报告而进行的民意测试或调查。 (2)表“思想”类的名词有:idea, concept, conception, thought, notion, impression。idea为普通用词,可指任何方面的思想活动或想法;concept指根据众多实例通过概括、归纳而形成的对物质本质及内部联系较全面的看法;conception常指个人或多人所特有的具体概念或概念的形成过程,有一定的感情色彩;thought指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其产生的结果;notion指模糊的、变幻莫测的想法或未经深思熟虑的观点;impression指外部刺激在脑海中所产生的印象。 (3)表“名声”的名词有:fame, honor, reputation, glory。fame为普通用词,含义广泛,一般指好名声,可大可小,可远可近;honor侧重指因高尚的举止、忠心或诚实而得到公众的钦佩和崇敬,多指好名声或荣誉;reputation对熟悉的人或物所产生的看法,可好可坏;glory指因功绩卓著而获得的荣誉。 (4)表“吵架”的名词有:argument, quarrel, debate, dispute, discussion, reason。argument指提出理由或证据为自己或自己那一方的看法或立场辩护,着重说理、论证和企图说服;quarrel指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好地大声争论某事,尤指“吵嘴,吵架”;debate侧重指意见对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩;dispute侧重对分歧进行激烈的争论或争辩,带一定的感情色彩,常隐含“各持己见”或“争论不休”的意味;discussion是最常用的词,指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等,以便统一认识,解决问题;reason指据理力争以说服对方或以求对问题作更深入的研究。 (5)表“方式”的名词有:manner, means, method, way。manner指个人喜欢采用的方式;means表手段、方式、工具等;method指做事的具体步骤或程序;way是普通用词,表示方式、方法,含义比较广泛。 (6)表“旅行”的名词有:trip, journey, travel, tour, voyage。 trip为非正式用语,指短时间内往返的商业旅行或观光旅游;journey指由一个地点到另一个地点的旅行,也指旅行的线路,较正式;travel泛指旅行、游历,为普通用词;tour多指参观访问多处的观光旅行,强调周游后回到原出发地;voyage指海上旅行或航海。 (7)表“职业”的名词有:profession, occupation, career, vocation, employment。profession原指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业,现指谋生之职,尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练的具有某种专业知识的工作;occupation泛指任何一种职业,常用于书面填表中;career指经过专门训练,终身愿意从事的职业;vocation为较正式用语,语气庄重,有专业及天职之意,常用于教会中的职位;employment指受雇的工作,通常能比较稳定地领取工资。 (8)表“力气”的名词有;power, force, strength。power指身体上、精神上或心理上的力量,也可指权力;force指运用或发挥出来的力量,可以克服阻力;strength指内部固有的力量,如体力、实力等,表示精神力量时,指持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等。 (9)表“伤人”的名词有:hurt, injure, wound, damage, harm。hurt为普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly,slightly, seriously等修饰),也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(可被very much, rather, deeply等修饰),多指伤痛;injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等,强调功能的丧失;wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤?(2010·天津卷)James took the magazines off the little table to make ________for the television. A.room B.area C.field D.position 答案 A [句意:詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿开,以便为电视机腾出地方。room“空间,房间”;area“面积,地区”;field“领域,田地”;position“位置,职位”。make room for“为……让出(腾出)空间。”] ?(上海卷)When Jane began to take swimming lessons, her main ________was the fear of water. A.evidence B.crisis C.obstacle D.danger 答案 C [obstacle意为“障碍(物),妨害,阻碍,干扰”,指对物体前进或事情发展起阻碍作用的东西,必须搬掉或绕过才能前进或发展。evidence意为“根据,证据”;crisis意为“危急关头,紧要关头”;danger意为“危险”。] ?(辽宁卷)School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous ________. A.states B.conditions C.situations D.positions 答案 C [situation意为“形势,局面,情况”,表示要教给学生如何处理危险情况。state意为“状况,情形,形势”;condition意为“状态,状况,情形”;position意为“位置,方位,地点”。] ?(浙江卷)—If you like I can do some shopping for you. —That's a very kind ________. A.offer B.service C.point D.suggestion 答案 A [本题可以用排除法。首先service是不可数名词,应该排除。另外本题问句“如果你愿意,我可以帮你买东西”从意思上分析是一个建议;suggestion作“提议,建议”解时是不可数名词,可以排除。另外point指观点,不符合题意。所以选A项,offer也是“提议”的意思。] ?(福建卷)Always read the ________on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A.explanations B.instructions C.descriptions D.introductions 答案 B [instruction意为“说明,须知”,表示阅读瓶子上的说明。explanation意为“解释,注释,说明”;description意为“描写”;introduction意为“引导,传入,介绍”,指对某种新产品进行介绍。] ?(湖北卷)To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ________and weaknesses. A.strengths B.benefits C.techniques D.values 答案 A [strength意为“长处”,根据句意可判断出为了使体育队的成员在比赛中取得更好成绩,教练首先要了解队员的长处和薄弱的地方。benefit意为“利益,好处,利润”;technique意为“技术”;value意为“价值”。],等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤,也可指人精神上的创伤;damage多指对无生命物体的损害,造成价值降低、功能被破坏等后果;harm指精神上或肉体上受到极大损害,可用于指抽象事物。 (10)表原因cause, reason, excuse cause是造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of;reason是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”;excuse意为“借口,辩解”。 (11)表错误mistake, error, fault 三个词都有“错误、过错”的意思,mistake几乎等于error,只不过error更正式,更常用于书面语。此外,error强调“道德方面的过失”,如:the error of his youth他年轻时的过失,而fault则强调“(性格上的)小缺点”,或行为等方面的过失。 (12)表风景sight, view, scene, scenery sight意思是:目光;视力;视野;看到;景物,供参观或游览的地方;(壮观的、特殊的)情景,景象。 view是可数名词,指“从某一特定点观看到的东西、景物,尤其是美丽的自然风景”,强调人的主观作用。它还可以表示“风景画”、“风景照片”。 scene和view一样,也是可数名词。它通常指“局部的、具体的风景、景致”,但景中更有可能包括人或反映运动状态。它还可以表示戏剧、电影或叙述中的、现实生活中的“场景”、“场面”、“情景”。强调客观的景色。 scenery是一个不可数名词,是大自然风景的总称,其中包含了许多个scene。  热点3·6 (全国卷)He dropped the ________and broke it. A.cup of coffee B.coffee's cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup 答案 D [coffee名词作定语表明cup的用途。]  翻译短语 ①电视节目__________________ ②牙刷______________________ ③书签______________________ ④赛车______________________ ⑤服装店____________________ ⑥海关官员__________________ ⑦女售货员__________________ ⑧训狮员____________________ ⑨茶杯______________________ ⑩墙纸______________________ 答案 ①televsion programe ②toothbruth ③bookmark ④racing car ⑤clothes shop ⑥customs officer ⑦saleswoman ⑧lion trainer ⑨teacup ⑩wallpaper,  名词作定语 1.表中心词目的、用途 street light路灯 oil well油井 2.时间/地点 morning exercises早操 Beijing University北京大学 3.表中心词来源 noise pollution噪音污染 4.表示部分与整体关系(材质) ice cream冰淇淋 stone bridge石桥 5.表示整体与部分关系 school gate校门 car wheel车轮 6.表示职业 chemistry teacher化学老师 ※(1)名词作定语时常用单数形式。而clothes, goods, sports, sales, arms, customs, accounts等少数几个名词作定语时需用复数形式, clothes shop服装店;sports meet运动会 (2)用man/woman作定语时,若被修饰的名词是复数,则man/woman也用复数形式。 a man doctor一位男医生 some men doctors一些男医生 1.语义学习是语言学习过程中基础的基础,没有一定的词汇量,谈论听力、阅读能力和写作能力是毫无意义的。所以,在平时的学习中,必须重视对语义的学习。 2.词汇意义的领悟和掌握是立体的:既要集中时间机械记忆,又要在阅读中、运用中领悟词义;既要在汉语注释的帮助下识记,又要了解它的英语释义;既要知道它的同义词,又要了解它的反义词;既要知道它的音近、形近词,又要知道它的同根同源词。总而言之,只有将词汇织成一张网,了解词汇在网中的精确位置,才能熟练而准确地使用词汇。 3.必须对近义词进行专项学习。收集大量的语言实例,反复记忆,用心领悟是唯一的办法。 4.特别注意名词习惯搭配词组的积累和理解,如:a waste of; make sense等。 5.备考过程中,应充分重视对最基本的冠词知识的理解掌握,同时注意冠词的活用问题。 6.冠词的用法庞杂,学习时要把握其关键:弄清句子中的单数名词、复数名词和不可数名词;弄清泛指、特指、类指、专指概念。 7.做题时首先搞清名词是单数还是复数,是特指还是泛指,注意复数名词、不可数名词表泛指时前面不用任何冠词;单数可数名词前需加冠词。 8.要注意高考中所考查的冠词的用法往往要放在语境中去考虑,复习时要注意冠词的特殊用法,如序数词前用a/an表示“又一”、“再一”;a用在most前,most等于very等知识点。只有做好充分的准备,才能从容不迫地去应对高考。 提 示 课后完成《语法对点强化训练18、19、20》   版权所有:高考资源网(www.ks5u.com)

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